犯罪学问题清单（一）——有关犯罪学批判的思考

对新中国犯罪学研究中存在争议的、理论的和学术的问题做出简要的梳理是十分必要的。这里仅提出”犯罪学的批判性”和”价值涉入”两个问题并加以讨论。前一个问题作为犯罪学的特质也成为”犯罪学批判”专栏的点题之笔。批判性的缺失与否直接关系到犯罪学能否发挥其正常的学术功能。后一个问题也是犯罪学这种涉及社会黑暗面的学科难以回避的一个问题。价值涉入在中国特殊的文化环境中具有特殊的表现形式,值得认真加以辨析。     

治安管理处罚的谦抑性探析

刑罚中应用比较普遍的谦抑性原则在行政处罚领域却鲜有提及,这对控制同样是我国对公民权惩处方式的行政处罚而言是不足的。而在与刑罚衔接最为密切的行政处罚种类治安管理处罚中,其调整对象、指导理念和行为要求方面却都有谦抑性的要求和体现。研究治安管理处罚的谦抑性,首先表现为治安管理处罚权的设定和存在必须谦抑,其次是治安管理处罚权的行使和调处过程要体现谦抑。     

社会空间的拓展与构建和谐社会

社会空间的拓展是社会历史自然进步的结果,也是中国公民社会形成的前提条件,充分发挥社会空间的作用是构建和谐社会的必需。     

农民工身份认同及其影响因素分析—以河南省郑州市为例

当前有相当一部分农民工处于身份认同模糊的状态,并且大部分农民工倾向于认同农民这一制度性身份。经SPSS统计软件回归分析后发现,务农时间、进城期望、进城时间、市民朋友数量、社会交往情况、生活满意度、相对剥夺感、农村传统生活方式认同度、未来打算这几个变量显著地影响着农民工的身份认同状况。     

At the Polls

ABSTRACT

In this study, the authors attempt to add to existing knowledge on voter psyche during elections by examining the roles of voter concern and voters' desire to “keep up to date,” both of which have hitherto not been studied in this context. The analysis of data collected during a specific election in Australia reveals significant relationships with several well known psychological factors. The authors discuss these findings in the context of political marketing and furnish directions for future research.     

Civic Involvement and Modernization

Abstract

This paper investigates how broad processes of modernization affect individuals' relations to the civil sphere. It first introduces a model of civic involvement as a system of expectations between participants and associations. Next, the issue of change is explored. It is argued that recent social transformations, such as individualization, globalization and technology changes, undermine classic notions of civil society participation. Old types of involvement vanish, while new ones emerge. We investigate in more detail how macro-changes affect three core models of civic involvement: as a member, a volunteer and a citizen. Each model holds particular relations between adherents and associations. The conventional understanding of each model is examined in the light of ongoing processes of dis- and re-embedment of civic involvement. The paper is based on secondary analyses of literature concerned with the issue of change within the civic field. The findings can be summarized in four points. First, we observe a shift from face-to-face interaction in long-lasting civic groups towards mediated interaction within networks in flux. Falling rates of participation seem to be followed by new types outside traditional measures of civic engagement. Secondly, individuals seem to move from value-based to consumer-based relations within the civic sphere. Associations, on her hand, increasingly present her activities as ‘products’. This means that civic engagement, more often than before, is mediated in ways usually associated with the for-profit market. Thirdly, civic engagement is shifting from diffuse horizontal involvement to centrally coordinated activities. ‘Amateurism’ gradually becomes replaced by professional standards, administered by staff-led bodies, in close connection with central authorities. As a fourth conclusion, we observe a shift from an engagement mediated by associations to a direct involvement, or engagement mediated by structures that usually are not defined as civic ones.     

Exploring Civic Engagement at an Urban Commuter Campus: Pathways and Barriers

Universities have traditionally had a vested interest in the civic preparation of students. In order to understand the unique situation of this population of students in a university serving non-traditional community students, qualitative data was used to identify pathways and barriers associated with their civic engagement. Results suggest themes associated with time, knowledge, and access.     

The Spiritual Well-Being of African-Americans

SUMMARY

This multi-method study explored the relationship between gender, spirituality, spiritual well-being, and several indices of religiosity including religious participation and religious motivation. Different patterns of relationships among these indices emerged for men and women. For men Spiritual Wcll-Being was related to the presence and influence of church-oriented socializing agents as well as to the belief in God's power to influence the course of events. Mean scores on measures of the importance of religion, current religious participation, religious motivation, as well as spiritual well-being were not significantly different for men and women.     

Substance Abuse Prevention Among High Risk Youth

The abuse of alcohol and other drugs (AOD) by youth is, once again, on the rise, emphasizing the need for prevention intervention. This article discusses the research on the prevention of substance abuse among youth who are identified as especially vulnerable to, or at high risk of, AOD abuse. The individual, interpersonal, and institutional risk factors associated with substance abuse among youth are described. Research on prevention programs for high risk youth is presented next, with a consideration of the methodological problems associated with this research. Despite the problems noted, the findings suggest there may be some effective methods of preventing substance abuse among high risk youth. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for prevention practice, as well as social policy.     

Community Participation in Spatial Planning: Exploring Relationships between Professional and Lay Stakeholders

The literature that explores relationships between lay and professional stakeholders in community participation generally suggests that professionals perceive five main difficulties in working with lay people: it is unnecessary within democracies; lay people lack expertise; they are not representative; there is commonly a lack of trust, and decision-making is made more complex. In respect of spatial planning in South West England, from survey evidence these difficulties are not so apparent except in respect of complex decision-making. It is likely that the variation between the literature and the survey is influenced by the longer heritage of community participation in the spatial planning process in England, than in most other local authority services.