论公众环境诉权的实现--对完善《环境保护法》第6条的思考

公众有权就环境问题提起诉讼是公众参与环境保护的主要形式 ,也是环境法实施的重要途径。但我国《宪法》和《环境保护法》仅对公众的环境诉权作了原则性规定 ,公众环境诉权缺乏程序性保障而难以实现。纵观国外在保障公众环境诉权方面 ,是不断放宽环境诉讼原告资格的过程。修订我国环境法有关环境诉讼的程序性规定 ,建立环境公众诉讼制度 ,是环境权从应有权利到实有权利的必由之路。     

民事公益诉讼的功能承担与程序设计

民事公益诉讼的原告资格问题不属于诉讼担当,而属于实体适格问题。为此,立法者应当在实体法律规范中赋予"法定机关和有关组织"具体的实体请求权。而且,为了避免金钱损害赔偿带来的证明与分配上的困难,以及保证有关组织的独立地位,我国民事公益诉讼的请求权内容未来应当限定在"非金钱损害赔偿请求权"之上;仅例外情形才允许通过民事公益诉讼的途径主张"没收不当收益"请求权并上缴基金,这对于纠正市场失灵亦具有重要意义。此外,为了实现高水准的公益保护,我国还有必要增设有关既判力扩张与禁止滥诉的规定。总体而言,民事公益诉讼承担着"预防保护与监督"的功能,其与任意的诉讼担当、代表人诉讼、债权让与等制度共同存在,并分别在实现不确定人群的集合利益、少量确定人群的个体权利、大量不确定人群的大规模损害赔偿请求权以及大量不确定人群的小额损害赔偿请求权等领域发挥作用。     

Indispensable,yet Invisible: Drinking water management as a local political issue in Swedish municipalities

ABSTRACT

Local policy-makers’ incentives to address an issue is conditioned by how they perceive public attention. Our study focuses on drinking water management at the municipal level in Sweden. Provisioning and management of drinking water is a responsibility of the local governments. Interviews with local politicians and public administrators in seven municipalities reveal that local policy-makers think that citizens view provisioning of drinking water as a taken for granted service, and also lack knowledge of and interest in drinking water issues. Public attention is further seen as a double-edged sword since engagement in water issues often is a result of problems with water provision. The findings are discussed from a theoretical perspective of the role of agenda-setting in public policy. It is argued that the view of policy-makers of citizens as unengaged negatively affects the incentives to bring drinking water to a prominent place on the local policy agenda.     

Development and the search for connection

Abstract

The stated purpose of development is often characterised by the motivation to ‘help’ – that is, to intervene in the lives of others in supportive ways. This paper argues that this perspective has obscured how development activities are also animated by its twin desire to ‘connect’. While this holds significance for development more broadly, it becomes particularly evident in a mode of assistance that has gained prominence more recently. These are privately funded, small-scale projects led by individual founders, here described as ‘citizen aid’. Based on ethnographic research among citizen aid initiatives in Cambodia, the paper argues that the relevance of ‘connecting’ has been insufficiently recognised so far. It explores different aspects of what participants mean by ‘making a connection’, including face-to-face contact, direct experience of aid activities, and their tangible efficacy. It also finds that establishing interpersonal relationships across national, ethnic and cultural differences, while potentially challenging, is a key motivation for those involved. Finally, the paper argues that acknowledging the desire to connect questions notions of the ‘distant stranger’ as the archetypical humanitarian object, highlighting the wish for familiarity and closeness as potentially just as important for motivating and directing assistance to others.     

关于解决贫困生上学难问题的反思

贫困生的产生和存在是一个复杂的社会问题,它的根本解决有赖于诸多社会条件,也具有多方面的社会意义。高校几年来助学工作的基本思路和具体措施值得反思。建议高校在这个问题上不介入、不减免、不勉强,即不再充当学生借贷的介绍人;对所有学生都不再以“贫困”为理由减免学费;如果新生录取当年就入学确有困难,不勉强其当年报到。更多地按市场经济的规律办事。     

论江泽民对邓小平“四有”公民思想的继承和发展

邓小平提出了培育“四有”公民的思想,并把提高人的思想道德素质和科学文化素质作为“四有”公民的基本内容。江泽民继承了邓小平“四有”公民的思想,把培育“四有”公民确立为发展先进文化的根本任务,还把这一任务提到事关中国特色社会主义前途与命运的高度。     

CRITICAL ASPECTS OF PARENTING PLANS FOR YOUNG CHILDREN

The debate about the benefits and drawbacks of overnight schedules for young children is hotly contested in family law. This study investigated connections between occurrence of overnights, schedule consistency, number of caregivers, and young children's adjustment to parental separation and divorce. Families ( N = 161) with children aged 6 years or younger were recruited at the time of filing for divorce or child custody (if unmarried); follow-up data were obtained from 132 families 15 to 18 months later. Results indicated that parenting plan variables are related to children's social, cognitive, and emotional behavior, with caregivers and schedule consistency more salient than overnights. Girls benefited from overnights and more caregivers, whereas boys did not. Overnighting children aged 4 to 6 years when their parents filed manifested fewer problems 1.5 years later than did younger children. Even when controlling for parental conflict and parent-child relationship variable, the constellation of parenting plan variables contributed to young children's adaptation.     

病人 罪犯与公民——吸毒者的社会救助研究

我国传统的救助行为将吸毒者当成病人和罪犯,恰好忽略了吸毒者社会身份这一重要方面。即吸毒者首先是公民。作为公民的吸毒者应该享有国家社会政策赋予公民的有关社会保障,社会福利、公共医疗救助、社会关怀和社会服务等方面的权力。从目前的情况看,不管是在理论还是实践方面,对吸毒者的救助主要集中于探讨病人和罪犯这两个层面,对社会救助这个层面的关注比较少。因些,本文着重论述吸毒者的社会救助。     

权利,你为何向权力“下跪”——下跪事件的一种解读

现代语境下,政府权力的正当性基础在于公民为更好地保障自身权利而对政府进行权力授权。我国最近发生的几起群众为维护自身权利和利益向政府下跪的事件,却反映了我国某些地区公民权利与政府权力关系的某种程度的异化。究其原因,政府权力生发和运行的委托代理机制、权力实际行使者的人性因素、权力本身的特性乃至我国的官本位的文化传统都制造了政府权力异化的空间。矫正政府权力的异化,使公民维护权益不必下跪,就应针对上述因素作出相应努力。     

中国发展协商民主的条件探析

协商民主理论是20世纪80年代以后在西方兴起的一种民主理论研究.中国有着发展协商民主的本土资源:和合文亿的支撑及政治协商的实践土壤,但也存在一些制约因素:公民社会的弱小和选举民主的不足.