Exploring the Justice of Punishments: Framing, Expressiveness, and the Just Prison Sentence

This paper examines views about the justice of punishments for offenders convicted of five major types of offenses—drug, violent, corporate, property, and victimless crimes. We focus on the just punishment and the just dispersion in the punishment distribution, together with observers' framing and expressiveness; and we test for interrespondent differences. Data are drawn from six U.S. samples interviewed in 1982, a probability sample of the adult population of a major city and samples of five special groups, prison inmates, police officers, law-school and high-school students, and Job Corps trainees. Respondents' judgments were obtained using Rossi's factorial survey method. Fictitious offenders were constructed by randomly combining offender, offense, and victim characteristics; and respondents used a line-matching technique to rate the justice of punishments randomly assigned to fictitious offenders. Analysis is guided by the framework for empirical justice analysis, which provides an integrated set of procedures for estimation and testing. Results indicate that respondents in all samples save one disagree with each other on the just punishment; and the six samples yield four distinct average orderings of just prison sentences. However, large majorities in all six samples find the dispersion in the punishments experimentally put into the vignette world to be too small relative to the just dispersion. More broadly, comparing the results obtained here from the probability sample of a major city with results from a comparable study on the justice of earnings, we find two interesting symmetries—approximately 1% of the general population is contrarian, regarding earnings as a bad and time in prison as a good; and approximately 92% to 94% of the population regard earnings inequality as too high and prison-time inequality as too low. Finally, this study provides additional evidence that the general population in the United States exhibits independence of mind informing their ideas about what constitutes the just earnings and the just punishment.     

对财政风险问题的若干思考

如何防范财政风险,保持财政稳定,防止出现财政危机是一个世界性课题。我国要控制财政风险,必须从根本上克服制度缺陷,构建多层次全方位的风险约束机制。其主要对策应该是提高政府收入和债务的透明度,动态评估财政风险,控制赤字和债务增长,建立全方位多层次的风险的约束机制。     

论网络法学教育在我国的发展

网络法学教育是利用Internet开展法学教学活动的现代远程教育。在外国 ,网络法学教育已经得到蓬勃发展 ,我国的网络法学教育尚处于起步阶段。网络法学教育具有广泛的资源共享、开放化的生源体系、崭新的教学模式、多样化的教材、低廉的学费等特点。但网络法学教育在基础设施、课件制作、师资队伍、教学质量监控和管理模式、文凭效力等方面都存在问题。完善我国网络法学教育 ,不宜盲目扩大试点高校 ,而应使学习材料符合网络的特点 ,采用网上网下相结合的管理模式并建立质量评估体系。     

创伤的AIS评分与损伤程度评定对比分析的研究

ＡＩＳ评分法是国际医学临床上公认的创伤严重度评价方法之一。作者收集了本室５４６例伤害案件，分别给予损伤程度评定及ＡＩＳ评分，设为损伤程度组和ＡＩＳ组。两组比较，经Ｘ２检验，Ｐ＜０．００１；经Ｓｐｅａｒｍａｎ等级相关检验ｒｓ＝０，９４０，Ｐ＜０．００１，均有高度显著性，反映两组之间有密切关系而且损伤程度组的程度变化与ＡＩＳ组分级变化有关系。提示：轻伤、重伤可以参照ＡＩＳ严重度分级、编码，由此为轻、重伤分级、标准的计算机化及国际间的交流提供新方法。     

甲基苯丙胺对大鼠认知和脑电图的影响

目的研究甲基苯丙胺（methamphetamine,MA）对脑功能的影响机制,实验设计观察慢性反复使用MA是否同时对大鼠认知行为和脑电活动产生影响。方法 14只雄性SD大鼠（180～200g）随机分为生理盐水注射组（对照组）和MA注射组（实验组5mg/kg体重）每天一次腹腔注射。连续注射7d后进行被动避暗回避行为测试和脑电图检测。结果与对照组相比,实验组大鼠表现为被动避暗回避行为的潜伏期延长,脑电图频谱分析显示δ波相对功率值减小,β波相对功率值增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论慢性反复使用MA对大鼠被动回避行为和脑电活动均有影响,说明MA滥用造成的认知行为改变与中枢神经系统电生理活性改变有关。     

企业和谐劳动关系调查与评价体系研究

和谐劳动关系的形成往往和众多因素联系在一起,这些因素可归类为企业发展、岗位、工作环境、管理制度、员工权利保障、薪酬福利和员工个人发展等6个模块,基于相应的评分标准及权重,对这些因素进行评价,运用模糊评价模型,最终构建形成和谐劳动关系评价体系,通过对评价体系的运用,有助于企业了解各自所处的劳动关系和谐状况.     

ARE WE ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS ABOUT ATTACHMENT?

Everett Waters is involved in a wide range of longitudinal research projects and educational programs that advance the Bowlby‐Ainsworth tradition of attachment study. His empirical and theoretical knowledge is far reaching. Here, Waters explores the family law field's hopes and expectations of attachment theory, identifies a number of myths about attachment theory that may influence divorce decision making, and challenges why we ask the questions we do. His views encourage hardened supporters and detractors of attachment theory alike to identify a middle ground where the essence of attachment knowledge might best inform family law practices in divorce and separation matters.     

论招录体制改革试点班教学质量评估

公安院校招录体制改革以贴近实战为目标,注重学员核心能力的培养。为了提高公安院校招录体制改革试点班的教育质量,检验其是否达到培养目标,需要对其教学质量进行评估。通过评估,改革培养方案、课程设置、教学方法,不断提高培养质量。     

地方政府绩效评估中公众参与问题研究

目前我国许多地方政府在其绩效评估中,评估主体、评估信息呈现出实质性的政府垄断,公众参与形同虚设,流于形式。因此,调整评估主体,使其组成多元化;发展电子政务,创新政府绩效信息提供方式,促进信息公开化以及重视和提高公众参与政府绩效评估的能力实属当务之急。