I tweet like a white person tbh! #whitewashed: examining the language of internalized racism and the policing of ethnic identity on Twitter

Using data extracted from Twitter, this study analyzes the English expression whitewashed as it occurs with and without a hashtag (e.g.: #whitewashed vs. whitewashed) through corpus analysis. As whitewashed has evolved to take on racial connotations to mean being too assimilated to a dominant white culture, I investigate whether the presence of a hashtag has an effect on how often this racial meaning of English whitewashed is employed. Based on collocative data, the findings suggest that the use of #whitewashed carries a meaning predominately informed by internalized racism and works to bind ethnic minorities to racial stereotypes. The study explores #whitewashed as a metacomment on human behavior, as #whitewashed serves to characterize beliefs about what actions are considered socially marked when performing an ethnic identity. In contrast to #whitewashed is the colloquial expression fobby, which characterizes an individual as being “too ethnic”; both (#)whitewashed and (#)fobby are discussed in tandem in this paper, for they create a double bind that marks the boundaries of ethnic identity. In this paper, I suggest that Twitter users mediate the demands of internalized racism by using #whitewashed to mark their tweets.     

Generating a Corpus of Mobile Forensic Images for Masquerading user Experimentation

The Periodic Mobile Forensics (PMF) system investigates user behavior on mobile devices. It applies forensic techniques to an enterprise mobile infrastructure, utilizing an on‐device agent named TractorBeam. The agent collects changed storage locations for later acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis. TractorBeam provides its data to an enterprise infrastructure that consists of a cloud‐based queuing service, relational database, and analytical framework for running forensic processes. During a 3‐month experiment with Purdue University, TractorBeam was utilized in a simulated operational setting across 34 users to evaluate techniques to identify masquerading users (i.e., users other than the intended device user). The research team surmises that all masqueraders are undesirable to an enterprise, even when a masquerader lacks malicious intent. The PMF system reconstructed 821 forensic images, extracted one million audit events, and accurately detected masqueraders. Evaluation revealed that developed methods reduced storage requirements 50‐fold. This paper describes the PMF architecture, performance of TractorBeam throughout the protocol, and results of the masquerading user analysis.     

Framing the IRA: beyond agenda setting and framing towards a model accounting for audience influence

Coverage of Irish Republican Army (IRA) attacks and the Northern Irish peace process is affected by both the country a media organisation is located and their format. The coverage of the IRA in 1996 was studied in five newspapers based in Ireland, Northern Ireland, the UK and the USA to reveal similarities and differences in language use, stories reported and general emphasis. The frequency of keywords was examined to show that the location a newspaper is based in affects the stories run by the newspaper. However, the format of a newspaper affects the framing of this coverage more than the location. These results were analysed through the lens of two leading theories pertaining to media–public relations: agenda-setting theory and framing theory. While both are shown to be partially useful in explaining the results, a more holistic view that accounts for public influence on media coverage would be even more useful. As a result of this narrow focus on only one part of media–public relations, the two theories do not exhibit predictive power, and further study should be conducted to expand their scope to encompass the public’s affect on media coverage.     

语料库与法律语言规范化——来自法律实践中的多维思考

语料库语言学发展速度迅猛,在基于语料库的语言学研究中得到广泛运用,并发挥了重要作用。在法律语言学研究中,语料库的重要性与作用更是显著,使语言分析结果更具可靠性和有效性。语料库因其目的与功能多样性而多种多样,而法律实践中的语言表现形式也呈多样化。鉴此,基于语料库的法律语言规范化研究不应顾此失彼,而是应齐头并进,从一元走向多元,以多维度地研究亟待解决的法律语言规范化问题。     

MAGNA CARTA AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL IMAGINATION: TWO INSTANCES OF HABEAS CORPUS VINDICATED

Magna Carta has long been understood as a source of inspiration for the U.S. Constitution, and especially its enshrinement of the writ of habeas corpus — the right of any prisoner to test his or her detention according to the law. In the “Suspension Clause” of the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8), Congress is granted permission to suspend habeas corpus only “when in cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” This article surveys two failed attempts by the U.S. government to suspend the writ of habeas corpus. The first (which was actually the very first such attempt) was in 1807 and followed revelations of the so-called Burr Conspiracy. The second (incidentally the most recent in American history) occurred during the War on Terror and culminated with the Supreme Court’s decision of Boumediene vs Bush in 2008. A close examination of these two historical episodes reveals just how different were the constitutional processes of the early republic and contemporary times. Additionally, comparing the uses of Magna Carta during the two episodes demonstrates marked changes in American political culture. Historical consciousness, vital to early Americans’ understanding of their political system, has shifted to an elite level. Likewise, the protection of fundamental liberties has migrated from the popular branch of government (Congress) to the elite one (the Supreme Court). This article considers the implication of this shift in both constitutional processes and historical consciousness.     

Semiotic Interpretation on Translation Principles of Legal Terms

Translation of legal terms, as the linguistic transfer and reconstruction of sign meanings with legal concepts, holds both the symbolic nature of language and the professionalism of law. This paper finds that two intra-semiotic subjective links are identified within the process of formulation, interpretation, translation and reception of legal terms, and analyzes the five translation principles of legal terms within the semiotic interpretation from Semantic Triangle Model, and Translation Triangle Model as well as its corresponding three elements — namely, Representation, Reference and Interpretant. In addition, it is suggested that corpus, by capturing micro translation features, has the guiding and nurturing significance for translation principles of legal terms and general legal translation.     

兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞培养及其RyRs的表达

目的探讨兰尼碱受体(RyRs)在兔阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞(CCSM)的正常表达。方法取雄性性成熟新西兰兔CCSM细胞,用组织块法进行细胞培养,差速贴壁法进行细胞纯化,利用倒置显微镜观察、免疫荧光染色法鉴定细胞纯度;取三代以内培养细胞,通过Genebank查出RyRscDNA序列,针对RyRs3种不同亚型的非同源部分用PrimerPremier5.0软件设计3对引物,以逆转录PCR方法分别检测RyRs3种亚型mRNA的表达,凝胶成像系统分析结果。结果培养7d开始有细胞从组织块长出,15～20d后长满瓶底,呈典型的“峰-谷”现象,经倒置显微镜观察见培养的细胞呈现典型的梭形,免疫荧光染色可见细胞内染为绿色的肌丝,证实培养的细胞为CCSM细胞,经差速贴壁法纯化后,细胞纯度可接近100%。经RT-PCR检测,CCSM只表达RyRs1,未见RyRs其余亚型的表达,提示CCSM表达RyRs1蛋白。结论CCSM表达RyRs中的1亚型,提示其可能参与CCSM细胞的钙调节,进而能调节阴茎勃起功能。     

American and foreign terrorists: an analysis of divergent portrayals in US newspaper coverage

American news coverage of terrorist activity consistently portrays the attacker as abnormal, but the mechanics of this othering process are entirely dependent on the nationality of the attacker in question. Coverage of domestic terrorism stresses the attacker’s personal instability and contrasts the perpetrator with his or her victims, painting the terrorist as an anomaly in American society. Foreign attackers, with whom journalists more frequently apply the terrorist label, are othered in US news media through heavy emphasis on their association with distant groups and conflicts. To explore how framing techniques differ throughout coverage of domestic and foreign terrorists, two separate corpora of articles from popular American newspapers were systematically compiled. One corpus contained articles about American attackers, while the other contained articles about foreign terrorists. The corpora were processed using both corpus linguistics software and a comparative analysis of texts. Exploring the American media’s framing choices illuminates how popular biases and perceptions of terrorist violence came to be; framing theory asserts that communicating entities inevitably shape the story they relay, influencing the reactions of those who experience the event second-hand. Not only does news coverage use distinct framing patterns for American and foreign perpetrators, but those patterns foster a populace that conceptualises American and foreign terrorists differently.     

论社会舆论

社会舆论的精神内核是群体意识,而议论形态是其现象外观。群体是个体存在的普遍形式,也是社会舆论活动的主体。谣言是社会舆论的否定形式,民谣是艺术形式的社会舆论。社会舆论是一种普遍的、隐蔽的强制力量。在社会舆论活动中,存在着舆论领袖作用所引发的和权威机构作用所引发的悖论。