法国宪法实践中对国际条约的合宪性审查

设立宪法委员会实施合宪性审查是法国1958年宪法的一大突破,其中对于国际条约的合宪性进行审查更是宪法委员会实践中的亮点之一。在欧洲一体化进程加快的形势下,作为国内的合宪性审查机构,如何实施对于国际法文件,特别是欧盟法律文件的合宪性审查是宪法委员会面临的重大难题,宪法委员会在这个方面既表现出了一定的创造性,更表现出了相当大的自我约束,这在一定程度上发展了法国的宪法制度,但也反映出其对于宪法难题的回避。     

试论条约机构与多边条约的实施——以多边环境协定的缔约方大会管理模式为例

条约机构对多边条约的实施这种方式，具有集体性、多边合作性、持续性、长期性以及预防性的特点，它使多边条约的实施更为有力，更能保证条约得以遵守。对于国际法而言，它是在国家自觉遵守和独力自救这两种传统的国际法实施方式之外，新发展起来的一种实施方式。它使国际法的实施从单边向多边、从单独执行向合作实施、从各自监督向集体监督发展。它是国际法上一大突破，丰富了国际法的实施方式，提高了国际法实施的可能性。     

过错被害人国家补偿问题刍议

我国已逐步展开被害人救助工作试点，虽然离完善的国家补偿制度距离尚远，但对制度设计的细节问题仍应提前研究。被害人补偿的正当性难以通过国家保护不力或社会风险分担予以说明，在规范语境下其正当性在于社会型国家的宪法目的设定。国家责任在补充性之外兼具福利性，因而补偿对象的关键特征为生活陷入困境，而不限于故意犯罪、暴力犯罪或身体伤害犯罪，补偿范围可分为保障性与补充性两部分，应以不同标准区别对待。过错被害人从事实与规范的角度可分为六种类型，对其补偿的扣减或拒绝，总体原则是保障性补偿须谨慎扣减，补充性补偿可灵活掌握，以务实的态度更好地实现国家补偿制度的目的。     

民事执行检察监督中存在的问题、原因及相关对策

法院民事执行工作的混乱、有效监督制度的缺失，使得实践中的大量执行问题难以解决，甚至严重损害法院权威和裁判公信力。通过分析民事执行检察监督的现状、问题、原因，提出相应对策，希望对司法实践及改革有所裨益。     

The Executive and the Constitutional Reforms Process in Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT

The debate on whether the executive presidential system which was introduced to Sri Lanka in 1978 should be retained, reformed or abolished is not a new one. It is a topic which is central to constitutional reformation in Sri Lanka, but one which always carries the potential of either making or breaking any attempt made at reforming the Constitution. This article examines the character of the post of executive president in Sri Lanka and how the most recent constitutional reforms process (initiated in 2015–2016) has sought to engage with the topic of executive presidency. Departing from the more popular trend of unconditionally critiquing the executive presidency, this article calls for a more realistic and dispassionate assessment of not only the possibility of abolishing the executive presidency but also of the viability of a prime ministerial system in Sri Lanka.     

Improving the evaluation of anticrime programs: There’s work to be done

The summary version of the National Research Council’s report, Improving the Evaluation of Anticrime Programs, published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology, was accompanied by eight commentaries from distinguished criminology researchers. This paper responds to those thoughtful and provocative commentaries by further discussing the two broad questions that they raised: What anticrime programs should be evaluated and what methods should be used to evaluate them. The main themes of this response are that (a) evaluation is needed for the programs, practices, and policies in actual use, not only those developed by criminologists; (b) programs developed and tested by criminologists are more likely to be used if they build on existing programs and give as much attention to “implementability” as to theory; and (c) evaluation of practices, policies, and area-wide programs will be limited unless credible applications of observational and quasi-experimental methods can be developed.

International Policy Formation: The Development Of Restorative Justice Policy Within The United Nations

Restorative justice and its related terms moved from the background of ancillary sessions to the floor of the United Nations Congress. This article documents and discusses the transfer of local policy to the international arena using the UN forum and restorative justice as a case study. First, a historical timeline traces the three influential forces, (1) the United Nations forum, (2) the non-governmental organization (NGO) activities, and (3) the individual Member States’ activities, behind the restorative justice movement onto the UN agenda. An integrated modification of Blumer’s process of collective problem definition is used as a framework to analyze the policy formation. Finally, the context of how future researchers may make use of the process is analyzed by comparing the traditional research development framework to Blumer’s policy framework. A need for wide spread implementation and outcome evaluations are needed as the policy is implemented is among the key findings.     

政策执行研究中的理论模型探讨

在西方持续20多年的政策执行研究中,大量学者提出了各种各样的政策执行方案和模型,最有代表性的是"自上而下"模型和"自下而上"模型,以及后来的整合式模型。围绕三种模型所展开的争论,大大丰富和发展了政策科学的理论内涵,推动了公共政策的制定和执行向着更加科学和民主的方向前进。     

宪法是公民权利的保障书——解读2004年宪法修正案

宪法的发展历史表明,宪法是公民权利的保障书,2004年宪法修正案的内容正是这一点的生动体现。"三个代表"、政治文明写入宪法,为公民权利的发展提供了思想理论指导和政治基础;进一步明确了国家对发展非公有制经济的方针,完善了对私有财产保护的规定,为公民权利的发展提供了经济制度基础和物质前提;增加尊重和保障人权的规定,为公民权利的保障提供了一项基本原则;完善补偿制度,关于紧急状态的规定从保障公民权利的角度规范制约了政府权力。但为了保障修正案的实施,还应不断完善相关立法和宪法监督制度。     

现行宪法的规范定位及其价值修正

宪法规范必须以控制权力和保障权利为宗旨,合理安排好国家权力与公民权利、公民权利与公民义务和国家权力与国家权力之间的价值关系。最终通过对宪法规范的价值定位,来实现我国宪法的价值转变。