Policy Styles and the Swiss Executive Federalism: Comparing Diverging Styles of Cantonal Implementation of the Federal Law on Unemployment

This article focuses on the implementation of the federal law on unemployment insurance (LACI) by the Swiss cantons. Starting in the mid 90s, the second revision of the LACI reformed the Swiss labour market policy. Resulting from a political compromise at the federal parliament between left and right wing parties, this law juxtaposes instruments of reinsertion of the unemployed into the labour market with instruments of control of the unemployed. Thus, the implementation of this federal law varies not only by the degree of application but also by the orientation of application. Some cantons implement the reinsertion instruments and neglect the control instruments, others make intensive use of the control instruments and neglect the reinsertion instruments. Some cantons make an intensive use of both types of instruments while a last group of cantons implements the law in a very sketchy way. The second part of this article deals with the concept of policy style, operationalised around four variables, as an explanation of the diversity of LACI cantonal implementation modes. One quantitative variable—the scope of state intervention—is statistically tested in the entire range of Swiss cantons. The other variables—style of state intervention, co‐ordination and interaction modes of social actors and the main traits of the regional political culture—are examined in six cantonal case studies of the LACI implementation process.     

Ethnicity and education policy in Malaysia： Managing and mediating the ethnic diversity

This paper discusses the issues of ethnicity and how they have been involved in the production of Malaysian education policy in achieving the aim of uniting the multiethnic society of the nation. The central focus in this paper was a discussion of the educational policies in Malaysia that had been produced to mediate the multiple demands, varying interests and ideological differences within Malaysian pluralistic society and amongst its various ethnic groups. This article also considered issues of policy implementation. The focus was on education policy, the politics of ethnicity in education, and the issue of language in education policy production in relation to produce a Malaysian outlook education system.     

欧洲共同体竞争法实施过程中面临的冲突及对策

竞争法是欧共体法律体系中影响较大的一个部门。它的形成与发展,使共同体内并存着两种相互独立的竞争法及其执行机制。因此,竞争法在实施过程中,出现了一系列的冲突和矛盾。共同体通过二次立法,采取了一系列相应的措施:重新调整竞争法主管机构的权限,平衡竞争法管辖上的矛盾;确立共同体竞争法的效力优于成员国竞争法的原则,协调共同体竞争法适用上的冲突;加强竞争法实施的国际合作,化解欧共体竞争法域外适用过程中产生的困难。这些措施有效地清除了竞争法实施的障碍,推动了欧洲经济一体化的进程。     

试论宪法与少数人保护

少数人历来是一个普遍存在,但对少数人的待遇却与不同的社会形态和政治制度密切相关。在现代民主国家,如何保护少数人的权益无疑是宪政的一个重要内容。本文试从少数人概念界定以及现有的一些保护少数人的制度阐述入手,提出一些笔者自己的看法与展望。     

论刑法的宪政之维

宪政之维的刑法可谓刑法"宪法化"了.刑法的目的不仅保障社会中善良公民的基本权利,而且保护犯罪人的权利.刑罚的执行不是给罪犯带来痛苦,而是要注重如何保障罪犯的权利.国家的刑事政策与自由、平等、法治等宪政理念紧密相连,其目的在于个人自由之保护,而不是警察国家模式所追求的刑事政策的惩罚性.刑法"宪法化"最重要的标志是刑法司法必须接受宪法的限制.美国式违宪审查模式与德国式宪法诉愿模式将宪法对刑法的限制加以建制化.     

诉讼时效在保障工商业文明社会信用体系中的核心价值--诉讼时效基本理论的反思与我国诉讼时效立法的重新选择(二)

农耕文明的自然经济和熟人社会特点决定了农耕文明社会成员之间信用的不发达,信任得以天然维系,无需诉讼时效制度对信用加以保护,诉讼时效即无从产生.而工商业文明的商品经济和陌生人社会,则是产生大量信用,社会成员信息不畅.为了保障任何第三人不至于因债权人突然行使产生于年代久远而处于休眠状态的权利而受损,有必要设置诉讼时效制度切断久远的债权债务关系影响到对当事人财产信用的评价,维护债权信用体系.诉讼时效通过其独有的弱化甚至消灭权利的功能维持了整个社会的债权信用,尽可能保障一般社会的交易安全.这即是诉讼时效的制度基础之所在.     

论民事执行的检察监督

在我国民事执行实践中,"执行难","执行乱"的现象较为突出.要切实维护当事人和案外人的合法权益,维护法院的司法权威,维护国家法制的尊严,应当赋予检察机关对民事执行活动的监督权,明确规定民事执行检察监督的范围和方式.     

The necessity of the implementation of Privacy by Design in sectors where data protection concerns arise

This article examines the extent to which Privacy by Design can safeguard privacy and personal data within a rapidly evolving society. This paper will first briefly explain the theoretical concept and the general principles of Privacy by Design, as laid down in the General Data Protection Regulation. Then, by indicating specific examples of the implementation of the Privacy by Design approach, it will be demonstrated why the implementation of Privacy by Design is a necessity in a number of sectors where specific data protection concerns arise (biometrics, e-health and video-surveillance) and how it can be implemented.     

宪法实施视域中司法裁判宪法援引的实证分析

全面推进宪法实施采用广义的宪法实施内涵,有利于将宪法基本原则和宪法规范贯彻落实到国家与社会生活的各个领域。司法裁判中的宪法援引是宪法实施在司法领域的具体实践,因此,对宪法援引的实证研究能够获得宪法实施的直观印象。借助于新兴的大数据技术,检索含有宪法援引内容的裁判文书,对其进行统计学处理和分析,形成关于宪法援引案件的系统性认知。在此基础上,运用宪法学原理对宪法援引进行解析,以主体为宪法援引的区分标准,将其分解为当事人宪法援引与法院宪法援引两种不同类型,便于深入考察司法实践中宪法援引的具体方式和实际效果,进一步印证宪法援引在推进宪法全面实施过程中所具有的实践价值。     

刑事立法模式的宪法考察

现行刑事立法采取了将所有犯罪规定在一部刑法典中的模式,没有在行政法、经济法等法律中直接规定构成要件与法定刑,导致刑法典中出现大量的绝对空白刑法规范与相对空白刑法规范,并且形成了自然犯与法定犯一体化的立法体例。法律保留原则、明确性原则与比例原则是宪法原则;绝对空白刑法规范违反了法律保留原则,相对空白刑法规范不符合明确性原则;自然犯与法定犯一体化的立法体例不符合比例原则。只有改变现行刑事立法模式,在行政法、经济法等法律中直接规定相关犯罪的构成要件与法定刑,在刑法典中仅规定自然犯,才能使刑事立法模式与宪法相协调。