Disciplining Society through the City: The Genesis of City Planning in Brazil and Argentina (1894–1945)

This paper looks at the genesis of a discourse on urbanismo (city planning) in Brazil and Argentina between 1894 and 1945 using the ideas of Michel Foucault on discipline and his concept of bio–power. The demographic pattern of the major cities in both countries from 1890 onwards and the renewals of the centres of these cities are also discussed. Other sections are dedicated to the plans proposed for the same cities in the 1920s and to urban representations, such as ideas about social reform, the role of hygiene as a point of departure for planning, and the relationship of ideas on Taylorism (scientific management) and the city. The paper also discusses the planners opposition to elections, when they claimed that they were the only ones qualified to deal with urban problems and therefore they should be employed in the state apparatus.
Other concerns of the paper are the use of planning as an element of nation building and ideas defining eugenics (race 'betterment') as an important aspect of city planning. I conclude by arguing that, if implemented, city planning was a way of creating an industrial culture, disciplining society through the city, although the industrial proletariat has never made up the majority of the population in Brazil or Argentina. Even if many aspects of the plans proposed for both countries were not implemented, the discourse of planners can be seen as a will to discipline society through the city. This discipline would affect the freedom of movement of human bodies, and is therefore approached through Foucault's concepts of bio–power and discipline     

我国建立社会主义市场经济体制的回顾与展望——兼论我国进一步完善社会主义市场经济体制的重点和难点

11年来,我国在社会主义市场经济理论研究和改革实践中,取得了显著成就.实践证明:市场在资源配置中的基础性调节作用,市场机制与公有制为主体且多种所有制并存,效率优先,讲求信用关系和契约关系,内外开放,是社会主义市场经济的突出特征.加快市场化进程,规范政府职能,建立科学的人本假设理论,是进一步完善和巩固我国社会主义市场经济的重要保证.     

现代宗教热的社会根源探析

现代宗教热导源于现代工业文明所引发的精神危机 ,有着深刻的社会根源 :生态危机、核威胁、城市恐怖综合症、社会分离、变式文化、物质刺激、信息化、快节奏、社会竞争以及工业文明向后进地区的推进造成了普遍的焦虑与恐惧感、孤独与寂寞感、失落感、依赖与疏外感、疲惫与紧张感及适应能力缺乏感。这些精神问题的存在一方面刺激了人们的宗教需求 ,另一方面也促使人们重新审视“和谐”对人生命的本质性意义     

动荡与发展:民国时期民事诉讼制度述略

民国时期的民事诉讼制度建设,以清末修订的《民事诉讼律》为基础,但由于时局的发展和社会的变迁,又呈现出一种与清末不同的景观。仅就立法技术层面而言在改革的方向、进路等许多方面,当前的民事诉讼制度变革都与民国时期有着某种共通之处,因此,对民国时期民事诉讼制度发展历程的回顾和检视,有可能为当前的改革提供某些有益的启示。     

关于西方宪法史研究的几点思考

关于西方宪法史的研究,很大程度上就是对于西方宪法历史的阐释。它涉及如何理解宪法的涵义,如何理解历史上宪法事件或者具有宪法意义的事件,如何理解宪法性事件之间的因果关系等等。这些先决性命题,决定了西方宪法的历史图景及其线索。古代希腊以降的早期宪法思想与宪制实践,为西方宪法的成熟奠定了良好的基础。近东一带的政治法制实践,对于西方宪法思想的形成和发展产生过重要的影响,这些早期的宪政因子对于西方宪法制度和宪法思想提供了重要的知识渊源。     

Review and Analysis on UN Security Council＇s Anti- Terrorism History

联合国宪章为安理会采取包括动用武力在内的强制行动打击国际恐怖主义提供了隐含的法律依据,如果国际恐怖主义达到危及国际和平与安全的程度,安理会就可以采取包括动武在内的强制行动介入反恐斗争。事实上,安理会已多次采取强制行动来打击国际恐怖主义。从法理方面分析,安理会可以授权以武力打击国际恐怖主义。打击国际恐怖主义与人权的国际保护并不矛盾;而保护人权,正是反恐的主要目的之一。     

文学史家也是文学批评家——从陈平原对夏志清的批评谈起

陈平原对夏志清文学史写作的批评中强调文学史与文学批评的分界,这一提法反映了美学对于文学史家只是辅助手段的偏见。过分注重演化价值的文学史写法带来一些消极的影响,即强调科学、实证的研究思维,忽略了作品与艺术家个性的关系以及艺术作品里隐含的世界观问题。文学史家在建构宏阔的史学框架时应同时具备对作品的想象性理解,因而优秀的文学史家也是文学批评家。     

SILENCE AND MEMORY IN CRIMINOLOGY—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2009 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*

Two recent American Society of Criminology presidential addresses have identified as a key problem the fact that criminology lacks a history. In this address, I ask why criminology (in contrast to closely related fields) has generated so few studies of its past; I also identify some results of this failure and discuss why intellectual fields need a sense of their origins and development. History molds individual and collective identities; it lays a foundation for sociologies of knowledge; it encourages reflexivity, teaches us where our ideas came from, and gives us a sense of where we are going. To encourage historical work, I propose an overall framework for understanding the evolution of criminology, reaching back to the late eighteenth century and continuing into the present. My overall framework is that of scientific modernism, within which I identify the following three primary phases: exploratory modernism, confident modernism, and agonistic modernism. In conclusion, I suggest ways to stimulate histories of science in the field of criminology.