Evidence for Social and Behavior Problems in Low-Income,Urban Preschoolers: Effects of Site,Classroom, and Teacher

Teacher ratings of 336 preschool children (mean age = 48 months) attending two urban Head Start programs were collected to examine the influence of contextual variables of teacher training, classroom, and site on the prevalence of significant problems. The prevalence of externalizing behaviors in the problem range was higher than expected and fewer children were rated in the well-adjusted range on social competence measures. Psychometric characteristics of the ratings indicated that teachers in this urban setting were less consistent in their ratings of internalizing problems, calling into question the lack of elevation of such problems in this population. Ratings by teachers and teacher assistants of the same children showed low agreement; the level of ratings was not affected by differences in training but did vary across classrooms. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the entire sample showed significant effects of classroom and site on problem behaviors and social competence. These results reveal the wide variation in problem frequency across classrooms, which needs to be considered in the implementation and evaluation of evidence-based interventions. Further, these results point to the importance of studying possible lasting effects on children exposed to these differing contexts.     

语境创建与语言教学

自20世纪70年代后期以来,语境的重要性受到越来越多的语言学家和语言教学工作者的重视,语境对语言意义理解具有十分重要的影响。根据我国英语教学的实践,外语课堂教学中要创建语境,语境设计既要符合英语的语言规律,又要体现教学的宏观性、整体性和系统性,从而通过语境有效地使用语言,提高正确理解语言的能力。     

会话话语的审美再分析

会话语境是会话话语审美研究中的一个重大课题。会话语境包含言辞内语境信息和言辞外语境信息,其直接影响到会话话语审美关系的形成:会话语境可以使会话生成音响形象及其情感意味之美,并可补充话语信息含量从而引发审美意象;会话语境可以扩大、弱化或模糊会话话语的所指意义,使会话话语具有审美意味;会话话语可以因言辞内语境因素的影响发生变异而获得美感;在会话语境信息的作用下,一级所指可以发生变异,转化为二级所指而获得审美优势;会话话语的审美在历时性的传承中,因历史文化、社会心理等语境因素的影响,会不断地被建构、解构和重构。     

语言中的词与言语中的词

语言中的词是指孤立存在的词,言语中的词是指进入了语境得以运用的词。语言中的词往往具有多义性,而言语中的词其词义一般是单一的。语言中的词其词义具有抽象性,言语中的词其词义则具有特指性。语言中的词的词义较为稳定,而言语中的词却可以临时具有某种意义。     

Protest participation and economic crisis: The conditioning role of political opportunities

The economic crisis that started in 2008 has negatively affected European nations to different degrees. The sudden rise in demonstrations particularly in those countries most hard hit by the crisis suggests that grievance theories, dismissed in favour of resource‐based models since the 1970s, might have a role to play in explaining protest behaviour. While most previous studies have tested these theories at the individual or contextual levels, it is likely that mechanisms at both levels are interrelated. To fill this lacuna, this article examines the ways in which individual‐level grievances interact with macro‐level factors to impact on protest behaviour. In particular, it examines whether the impact of individual subjective feelings of deprivation is conditional on contextual macroeconomic and policy factors. It is found that while individual‐level relative deprivation has a direct effect on the propensity to have protested in the last year, this effect is greater under certain macroeconomic and political conditions. Both significant results for the cross‐level interactions are interpreted in terms of their role for opening up political opportunities for protest among those who feel they have been most deprived in the current crisis. These findings suggest that the interaction of the contextual and individual levels should continue to be explored in future studies in order to further clarify the mechanisms underlying protest behaviour.     

Rediscovering artificial intelligence and law: an inadequate jurisprudence?

Headlines suggesting that Google scientists had developed the first computer programme capable of learning a wide variety of tasks independently, in what has been hailed as a significant step towards ‘true artificial intelligence’¹1 Accessed February 26, 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/25/google-develops-computer-program-capable-of-learning-tasks-independently. may or may not presage a new era of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Nevertheless, they suggest a need to reconsider the story of AI in law. While significant changes have taken place in the application of information technology to law-work, these have resulted mainly from ordinary information technology processes such as data processing, data storage, retrieval and management in combination with the information rich, rapid and global communication and networking capabilities of the Internet. However, when information technology has been applied to deeper legal processes, which involve the very nature of law, the result has not been very successful. This is especially so in relation to the application of AI systems to law. Philip Leith blamed the meagre and unsatisfactory results of costly AI and law research on faulty jurisprudence and especially on almost exclusive reliance on analytical positivism and ignorance of user needs and requirements. Many involved with AI and law still refuse to acknowledge that there are underlying problems with the way they conceptualise the nature of legal reasoning. Does AI in law have a future then? This article explores recent nuanced approaches to AI and law research and suggests the need for rethinking the jurisprudence that underpins AI and law and in particular to consider the realist social economic and political context in which AI and law works.     

论交际策略在高职高专英语教学中的应用

交际策略是语言交际能力的一个重要组成部分,在外语习得中具有重要的作用。由于东西方语言和文化的差异,往往导致高职高专学生在用英语交流时常出现交流受阻或中断的情况。因而,利用真实或模拟的语境让学生了解文化差异,培养学生的交际策略意识和能力,使其在实际交流过程中有意识地扬长避短,才能切实提高学生的英语交际水平。     

隐喻的认知视角与语境解读

隐喻不仅是一种修辞手段,更是一种重要的思维方式和认知工具。认知语言学从一个新的视角和高度来解释隐喻,为许多语言现象的理解提供了理据。从认知角度分析隐喻的本质、种类及影响其识破和理解的相关语境因素是一种有益的尝试。     

Racial Contexts and White Interests: Beyond Black Threat and Racial Tolerance

The impact of racial context on white voters' support for black candidates in biracial elections has drawn considerable attention from students of racial politics. Two major theories—black threat and social interaction—use different geographic units and provide conflicting explanations. The present study seeks to contribute to the resolution of the controversy by empirically examining white crossover voting at both election unit and neighborhood levels. Twenty-nine mayoral and councilmanic district elections in New Orleans from 1977 to 1998 are investigated. The findings are not consistent with the hypotheses derived from black threat and social interaction theories. Rather than a reflection of racial tolerance or hostility, the changes in white crossover voting in different racial contexts may indicate a rational and strategic adjustment on the part of white voters when they face the prospect of black electoral success.     

当代农民法律意识现状语境分析

认为当代农民法律意识现状是以淡漠为特征的判断是不准确的和不合理的,这种研究没有触及问题实质。农民法律意识淡漠表象的背后是农民通过法律的利益诉求不足,以及农民可用社会规范的多元性。农民对法律的淡漠态度,有其现实的合理性和正当性。