必然、偶然与或然

必然的概念是人们从事物或现象之间联系的确定不移和不可避免中概括出来 ;偶然的概念是从与必然的相对立中提出来的。从或然的角度看 ,在本质上 ,必然是或然的一极 ,偶然是或然的另一极 ,二者统一于或然。     

新制度学派对后共产主义国家制度变迁的探索

与历史制度主义、社会学制度主义和理性选择等学派有关制度变迁的解释不同,以奥菲、约翰逊等人为代表的部分新制度主义者在详细阐述后共产主义国家特殊政治、经济和社会条件的基础上,提出了制度变迁的路径偶然理论。这一理论认为,在苏东剧变后产生的后共产主义国家,制度变迁的路径选择完全是偶然的。这种偶然性表现在这些国家新掌权者偶然的政策选择上,偶然的政策选择在制度遗产、国家能力和政策顺序等因素的干预作用下,制度变迁以消极型制度设计或积极型制度设计的方式发生。路径偶然理论在一定程度上解释了后共产主义国家制度变迁的方式,也反映了制度变迁研究方法的创新,但同时也存在明显的缺陷。     

激励性规制:政府规制发展的新趋势

在规制俘虏理论和放松规制理论的影响下,为了提高政府规制效力,降低政府规制成本,激励性规制理论应运而生。激励性规制侧重于研究如何设计激励机制和手段,从而以最小成本获得规制信息和激励企业提高生产和经营效率。激励性规制的具体措施主要有特许投标竞争、区域间比较竞争、价格上限规制、社会契约规制等。我国公用事业和自然垄断行业在政企分开和放松行政管制的同时,有必要引入激励性规制机制。     

Learning to Change: The Production of Contingency in Modern Legal Systems

Modern society is characterized bycomplexity and change. Weber's theory of thesephenomena explained them with changes in basicreligious concepts. Conceptual changes areagain under investigation here, but the theoryis somewhat different. In this paper, it isassumed that law is a system that follows theAshby's systems theoretical law of requisitevariety. Society can respond to growth ofcomplexity in its environment by eitheradaptation or selective indifference. Theexample of the evolution of legal persons inGerman law is used here to show how law hasdeveloped contingent concepts as a cognitivebuffer between itself and the demandingenvironment of modern society. The legal systemcan balance adaptation and selectiveindifference by constructing and observing itsbasic concepts as contingent. The constructionof autonomy is shown to be a continuous processwhere law establishes an increased level ofautonomy.     

环境犯罪之预防

环境犯罪的出现及其严重性引发人类对环境变化的思考,发展环境对人类的有利方面,防止、克服环境对人类的不利方面,已成为全世界关注的重要课题。环境犯罪的预防就是根据对环境犯罪原因的分析,采取有针对性的措施,以有效控制、减少环境犯罪发生的社会活动。环境犯罪应当说是社会变迁过程中的综合病症之一,是多种条件和因素共同作用的结果,这其中主要的决定因素为经济诱因和社会现实因素。《刑法》对于环境保护的具体措施即刑罚,在种类选用上应突出自由刑和罚金刑的适用,不适用死刑。另外,还应当注重非刑罚措施的适用。     

Service Quality Effects of Incentive Regulation on Access Service in Telecommunications in the United States

Incentive regulation in the form of price caps was adopted for interstate access service in 1991 as a way to provide local exchange carriers with an incentive to improve their productive efficiency. An issue that has arisen with the adoption of price cap regulation is whether deterioration in service quality for interstate access service has been an unintended consequence. The analysis in this paper uses several different measures of service quality, including the average installation interval, the percent of commitments met, total trouble reports, and the average repair interval for both switched access service and special access service, to investigate empirically whether there has been a decline in service quality between 1991 and 2000. The results are conclusive. Overall service quality has fallen. To rectify the situation, a proposal is offered to adjust the price cap index to penalize LECs who fail to provide an acceptable level of aggregate service quality.     

Economic incentives for the self-regulation of the release of price-sensitive information

Companies, as primary disseminators of information, and financial institutions, as major recipients, have economic incentives to self-regulate the transmission and usage of price-sensitive information. These include increased (lost) reputation costs and adverse share price penalties arising from poor management of information disclosure. The economic motivation for self-regulation is seen as conceptually linked to but distinct from legislative changes. Self-regulation has the strong support of economic efficiency arguments, whereas recent additional new legislative changes do not. This article examines a major corporate and institutional response to the new regulatory climate—to internalize part of the regulatory process during their regular relationship communications. Relationships between the case companies and institutions already exist for transaction purposes. They are used as a convenient and low-cost means to pursue self-regulation and to avoid errors of price-sensitive information release. This self-regulatory process is illustrated using case material. It is clear from the response pattern presented that the development of a self-regulatory framework by the parties has been an iterative one. The corporate and institutional systems that have been evolving seem to be significantly influenced by the regulatory trends. The regulatory changes appear to have played a role in increasing market costs incurred by those companies with poor stock market communication practices. The article ends by arguing that new proposals to change in the formal regulatory system should recognize that further legislation is unlikely to improve the poor prosecution record. Nevertheless, legislative changes can combine with and buttress the self-regulation process to create an effective regulatory system.     

构建科学的高校教师激励机制初探

激励是高校教师管理工作中的核心。目前,我国一些高校对教师激励的重要性还认识不足,激励的手段、方式和措施等方面还存在一些问题。高校在管理中应采取一系列的激励措施,建立健全科学的教师管理激励机制,把教师的工作积极性和创造性最大限度地调动起来,从而有效地促进高校的可持续发展。     

激励机制：防止党员干部精神懈怠的路径选择

当前党员干部中存在的“精神懈怠”现象表现出根源性、隐蔽性、传染性和差异性特征,严重影响了党员干部的思想观念、工作作风及工作能力。精神懈怠现象产生的原因是多方面的,必须多策并举、辨证施治。根据组织行为学的“激励”理论,完善党员干部工作中的激励机制将是一条行之有效的治理举措。具体地说,应以内激励增动力,通过理论创新、教育灌输和文化熏陶等,建构共产党人先进的精神、理想和信仰体系,培育并形成自强不息、昂扬向上的精神动力,促使党员干部不想懈怠;以外激励加推力,通过制度保障、群众参与和科技推动等,形成激励与约束共存、管理与监督并重的良性环境,促使党员干部不能懈怠;以正激励添引力,顺应人的正当的精神和物质需求,采取满足、促进和奖励措施,促使党员干部不愿懈怠;以负激励增压力,通过严格问责、严肃惩戒,形成对党员干部潜在惰性的强大威慑,促使党员干部不敢懈怠。     

激励机制在大学生科技创新中的运用

激励机制在大学生课外科技创新中的有效运用,对于促进高校持续健康发展具有重要的现实意义。当前,高校大学生科技创新激励机制普遍存在一些问题,如学校缺乏明确的激励政策、专业教师缺乏参与热情和指导经验、大学生学业压力大等。为此,高校要运用强化激励理论,完善学校激励政策和保障机制;运用需求理论,充分调动专业教师参与大学生科技创新的积极性;运用目标设定理论,帮助大学生树立合理的科技创新目标。