An overview of EU data protection rules on use of data collected online

In the third of our series of articles considering the EU’s limited harmonisation of the laws regulating the activities of businesses using the Internet, we look at EU rules on the use of data collected online. We consider the principles governing the processing of personal data collected online. We then discuss the new rules on the use of cookies and the practical difficulties facing website operators in complying with them and conclude with a brief overview of the rules governing the transfer of personal data outside the EEA.     

航空旅客“黑名单”的法律分析

航空旅客"黑名单"制度在我国引入时间不长,实践中引发了诉讼和争论,反映了相关法律制度的缺失。合同法中的强制缔约制度要求承运人承担缔约义务,但强制承诺义务并不是无条件的。基于航空安全等因素的考虑,航空承运人有拒载的权利,但旅客"黑名单"的出台应有严格的审核监督机制、公开和缜密的程序认定、完备可操作的当事人救济制度作为保障。我国应借鉴国际惯例和国外的成熟做法,加快有关立法进程,全面规范航空旅客"黑名单"制度。     

The Stability Operations Industry: The Shared Responsibility of Compliance and Ethics

Abstract

Companies in the stability operations industry have been subjected to painstaking scrutiny while critics have ignored the value they bring to contingency operations and government clients. Moreover, the scope of the industry is often overlooked by critics who paint a picture of uncontrollable companies making ridiculous profits. In response, this article offers some insight on stability operations, contracting processes, pitfalls, and opportunities. The article then discusses some of the criticisms that surround the industry. These criticisms are often due to sensationalized reporting, and a significant problem is that reports on criminal activity such as fraud and abuse are exaggerated. In contrast, the far larger problem of waste due to poor client planning and oversight is glossed over. Finally, the article discusses industry self-policing efforts that have emerged to support the use of professional and compliant businesses in stability operations. Ultimately it is governmental regulatory enforcement and quality contracting practices that will do the most to marginalize unethical companies, reward better firms, and improve partnerships and success rates in stability operations globally.     

“VTS”职务过失罪与非罪的法理分析

船舶交通服务VTS(Vessel Traffic Services)中心是交通主管机关为增进水上交通安全、提高交通运输效率以及保护海洋环境而组织设立的监管与服务系统。近30年来,各地VTS系统硬件建设与技术破解能力日新月异,相比之下软件管理和职务风险防范能力明显滞后。VTS值班人员的渎职犯罪风险伴随水上交管失控或失误事故而逐渐升级,检察机关对案件的介入使该问题的解决方案不得不注入刑法思考。VTS值班人员具备渎职犯罪的身份条件,其职务过失理论上属于监管过失,但是,职务的懈怠与危害结果之间具有间接的因果关系,认定玩忽职守罪不符合犯罪客观方面的要求。依据大陆法系刑法的"依赖原则"和"被允许的风险"之理论,VTS值班人员的职务过失在客观归责环节可阻却刑事责任。     

共同过失犯罪行为理论研究——兼论行为理论的重构

两人或者两人以上基于相同的过失共同造成损害结果即为共同过失犯罪,但现有的共同犯罪理论和行为理论并不能合理解决这类行为的定罪量刑问题。重构行为理论,将行为理解为"行为人运用一定的主客观条件作用于特定的人或物的存在状态的过程",过失共同犯罪就是行为人之间在相互利用对方行为之际,应当控制而没有控制,最终造成了实际损害结果,所以应当分别按照过失犯罪定罪处罚。     

Street‐Level Tort Law: The Bureaucratic Justice of Liability Decision‐Making

Most legal scholarship on tort focuses primarily on judicial decisions, but this represents only a limited aspect of tortious liability. The vast majority of decisions concerning tortious liability are made by bureaucrats. Unavoidably then, there are two tiers of justice in tort law. This article focuses on the lower tier – bureaucratic decision‐making – arguing that the justice of bureaucratic decisions on tort should be considered on its own terms and not by judicial standards. We develop the notion of bureaucratic justice, applying a normative framework originally set out in relation to public administration. This enables an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of different ways of bureaucratically determining liability claims in tort. The regimes discussed concern the liability of public authorities, but decision makers comprise both state and non‐state actors and the bureaucratic justice framework is, in principle, applicable to understand and evaluate the liability of both public and private actors.     

农村土地承包经营权流转市场法律保障机制研究

伴随着《物权法》的出台,我国关于农村土地承包经营权物权属性的认识已趋成熟,目前主要任务是在转型期我国如何建立健全农村土地承包经营权流转市场,全面实现农民土地承包经营权物权利益,创造增加农民收入和保障粮食安全双赢局面。从法律上明确流转市场的主体、管理机制、激励机制、纠纷解决机制,从实体规范和程序规范两方面建立与完善促进农村土地承包经营权流转市场有序运行的法律保障机制具有积极的理论与实践意义。     

建筑安全犯罪:以犯罪学为视角

建筑安全犯罪是指在在建筑工程的施工、装修和使用过程中,由于当事人在管理和施工中的过错,造成建筑物和施工存在安全缺陷,以致造成伤亡事故或者财产损失的犯罪.对其进行犯罪学意义上的阐释,有利于该类犯罪的预防、立法的完善和司法上的操作.     

侵权行为主观过错的归责原理

侵权法中的过错被分为故意和过失,侵权法对这两种过错形成的划分是基于一种对人的行为主观评判的态度,但这种评判在侵权法中却又是不彻底的,划分了故意和过失,最后却并不认真地将故意和过失归为不同的责任,仅笼统地称行为主观有过错,这样对于故意和过失引发责任的机理就被忽略了,而实际上,主观故意和过失所引发的责任机理是有区别的。     

注册会计师的过失责任:连带责任抑或比例责任

对于注册会计师的过失责任应适用连带责任还是比例责任,目前理论界存在争议,而这一问题对于注册会计师的法律风险具有相当大的影响。从西方来看,更多地采用连带责任,但近年来,以美国为代表,正表现出逐渐从连带责任向比例责任的转变的趋势。我国目前有关法律亦采用连带责任,但从我国注册会计师的执业环境来看,连带责任将使注册会计师承担过高的法律风险,因此,对于注册会计师的过失责任采用比例责任可能更为合适。