The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: Impartiality in New UN Peace Operations

Abstract

Set within the complex contemporary context of international interventions, UN peacekeeping operations have now evolved into peace operations. The emergence of the concepts of human security and the responsibility to protect have raised expectations that UN peace operations should deal with both macro and micro level insecurity in conflict and post-conflict situations, especially in the case of failed or collapsed states. Reflecting this development, the question of an appropriate framework in which to conceptualize peace operations has also been debated. This essay considers a conceptualization of UN peace operations from a conflict resolution perspective and analyses the case of the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), using a framework of conflict transformation. It argues that the impartiality of UN operations has been reconceived in terms of the values of ‘human security’ and the ‘responsibility to protect’, making it vital to explicitly articulate the meaning and implications of ‘value-based’ impartiality.     

对妨害出入境管理法律规范适用的评析

《中华人民共和国出入境管理法》将于2013年7月1日起施行,但由于我国出入境管理法律规范繁多,不可避免地出现了刑法与行政法之间的冲突,行政法规范相关条文之间的冲突等法律适用冲突的问题。本文通过对法律沿革并对现行法律的冲突之处进行分析研究,提出法律冲突解决原则、制定统一的法律和法律解释等意见建议,以期为解决出入境管理法律规范冲突问题提供借鉴。     

An Elementary School Violence Prevention Program

Abstract

This article details the implementation and empirical evaluation of an elementary school violence program. The problem of school violence and the significance and focus of the study are discussed. The general research question in this study was to examine the potential for a computer-mediated anger management program to enhance or improve the conflict resolution skills of youth with aggressive behavior problems in an elementary school setting. This study employed an 8-week computer-mediated anger management program, called SMART Talk (Students Managing Anger Resolution Together), for teaching conflict resolutions skills. This program was derived from a meta-analysis (Scheckner et al., 2002) due to its large effect size, statistical significance, and computer-mediated execution in order to verify past results with a more specifically defined population of at-risk (i.e., aggressive) students. Overall, the results suggest that participants in the intervention group significantly reported more intentions to use nonviolent strategies in a future conflict than students in the control group. Further research is recommended in order to assess the replicability of this study to other populations. Recommendations include longer intervention duration, larger sample size, multiple school settings, and multi-systemic implementation (i.e., teacher and parent workshops) as well as longitudinal studies.     

文化财产争议国际仲裁的法律问题研究

现有的文化财产国际争议解决机制并非总是令人满意。以有关国际公约为基础,建立专门的文化财产国际争议仲裁庭,应是解决文化财产国际争议的另一有益尝试。文化财产国际争议仲裁庭可以充分发挥仲裁解决国际争议的优势,并在借鉴已有的国际争议仲裁机构成功实践的基础之上,通过构建自身的程序规则为文化财产国际争议找到令人满意的解决方案。     

通过参与的纠纷消解——作为行政纠纷消解创新机制的公众参与

为回应转型时期特别是现代社会的复杂情势,现代社会必然由法治国家向行政国家迈进,而在此过程中积极行政的拓展与自由裁量权的扩张必然导致行政纠纷的剧增。为有效缓解社会转型时期行政所面临的合法性危机,预防和消解与日俱增的行政纠纷,必须转变传统形式法治下的治理模式,充分引入公众参与,在行政过程和司法解决过程中分别注入民主酵素。由于公众参与既具有功效价值更具有本体价值,因而其对于行政合法性的补强以及行政纠纷的防范与消解有着不可忽视的意义。欲使公众参与发挥积极功能,必须辅之以必要的配套机制和制度要素。     

论农村社会冲突的多元化解决机制

我国农村社会冲突解决机制经历了“德政一体化”、“法制模式”的发展历程。在完备市场经济和民主政治体制下 ,“多元化模式”应运而生。作为法治社会纠纷解决体系的重要范式 ,“多元化模式”倡导的解决纠纷的精神在于 :作为法律救济的诉讼和非诉讼纠纷解决机制并重 ;在不断最大化追求诉讼的公正、秩序、效率价值的同时 ,充分尊重并健全以当事人合意为基础的非诉讼纠纷解决的方式 ;在诉讼与非诉讼的纠纷解决方式的价值冲突中 ,寻求统一、平衡的价值体系。     

中国知识分子:一个特殊问题及其消解

中国的知识分子之所以成为一个特殊的问题 ,作为政策的对象而被界定的特殊群体 ,是由中国革命的特殊历史条件所决定的。其实质 ,是在中国这样一个近代科技和文化相对落后的国度 ,作为革命和建设基本力量的工人、农民和知识分子的关系问题 ,其核心是中国共产党同知识分子的关系问题。十一届三中全会后 ,知识分子问题得以解决 ,党与知识分子的关系渐入佳境。而且 ,随着整个社会现代化进程的加快 ,随着工农群众科学文化水平的提高 ,“知识分子”这个本来是作为政策对象而存在的“阶层”将会消亡 ,知识分子问题最终消解。     

Tribunal Reform: Proportionate Dispute Resolution and the Pursuit of Administrative Justice

The article considers some unresolved policy choices associated with the implementation of 'proportionate dispute resolution', one of the most interesting ideas in the Department of Constitutional Affairs' White Paper Transforming Public Services: Complaints, Redress and Tribunals , published in 2004. It attempts to put the White Paper into context by tracing the Government's concern with tribunal reform over the last 50 years. It briefly compares the Franks Report, published in 1957, with the Leggatt Report, published in 2001, and outlines the steps that led to the publication, three years later, of the White Paper. It then analyses the similarities and differences in the approaches to reform taken by the Leggatt Report and the White Paper. The article focuses on the principle of 'proportionate dispute resolution', the idea that the ways in which cases are dealt with should reflect the nature of the dispute and what the person in dispute with a public body wishes to achieve. Seven policy options are considered, all of which hold out the prospect of enhancing administrative justice, either by reducing the incidence of disputes or by handling them more effectively. They are then assessed in terms of how well they are likely to do so.     

论股东会决议撤销权的主体及其行使

在控制股东会决议撤销权运作的实际效果上,应当区分权利享有和权利行使。自解释论角度,根据我国《公司法》,凡股东皆为撤销权主体,防范股东会决议撤销权的滥用完全诉诸于规范权利的行使。自立法论角度,这种取向应予坚持,同时考虑将撤销权的主体资格扩展于董事、监事,并通过完善诉讼担保制度、引入裁量驳回制度,改善对于撤销权行使的规范,增强法律的应变能力。     

"黑哨"问题的刑法学分析及解决

黑哨”是指裁判员非法收受他人财物而在比赛中不公正履行裁判职责的行为。目前,对于“黑哨”行为的定性,理论界和实践部门内部都存在争议,理论界主要存有“无罪论”、“公司、企业人员受贿罪论”和“受贿罪论”三种不同的论点。为了解决实践中出现的争议,统一司法工作,有必要由立法机关做出立法解释。此外,也可以在有关的法律文件中对“黑哨”行为构成“受贿罪”加以确认。