EGOHOODS AS WAVES WASHING ACROSS THE CITY: A NEW MEASURE OF “NEIGHBORHOODS”

Defining “neighborhoods” is a bedeviling challenge faced by all studies of neighborhood effects and ecological models of social processes. Although scholars frequently lament the inadequacies of the various existing definitions of “neighborhood,” we argue that previous strategies relying on nonoverlapping boundaries such as block groups and tracts are fundamentally flawed. The approach taken here instead builds on insights of the mental mapping literature, the social networks literature, the daily activities pattern literature, and the travel to crime literature to propose a new definition of neighborhoods: egohoods. These egohoods are conceptualized as waves washing across the surface of cities, as opposed to independent units with nonoverlapping boundaries. This approach is illustrated using crime data from nine cities: Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, Sacramento, St. Louis, and Tucson. The results show that measures aggregated to our egohoods explain more of the variation in crime across the social environment than do models with measures aggregated to block groups or tracts. The results also suggest that measuring inequality in egohoods provides dramatically stronger positive effects on crime rates than when using the nonoverlapping boundary approach, highlighting the important new insights that can be obtained by using our egohood approach.     

HIGH TIMES FOR HATE CRIMES: EXPLAINING THE TEMPORAL CLUSTERING OF HATE‐MOTIVATED OFFENDING

This research explains the temporal clustering of hate crimes. It is hypothesized that many hate crimes are retaliatory in nature and tend to increase, sometimes dramatically, in the aftermath of an antecedent event that results in one group harboring a grievance against another. Three types of events are used to test and refine the argument: 1) contentious criminal trials involving interracial crimes, 2) lethal terrorist attacks, and 3) appellate court decisions concerning same‐sex marriage. The results from time‐series analyses indicate that contentious trial verdicts and lethal domestic terrorist attacks precede spikes in racially or religiously motivated hate crimes, whereas less evidence is found for antigay hate crimes after appellate court rulings that grant rights to same‐sex partners. The model put forth in this article complements prior work by explaining in part the timing of hate crime clusters.     

IS BEING “SPIRITUAL” ENOUGH WITHOUT BEING RELIGIOUS? A STUDY OF VIOLENT AND PROPERTY CRIMES AMONG EMERGING ADULTS

Although prior research has had a tendency to confirm a negative association between religiousness and crime, criminologists have been slow to incorporate new concepts and emergent issues from the scientific study of religion into their own research. The self‐identity phrase “spiritual but not religious” is one of them, which has been increasingly used by individuals who claim to be “spiritual” but disassociate themselves from organized religion. This study first examines differences in crime between “spiritual‐but‐not‐religious” individuals and their “religious‐and‐spiritual,” “religious‐but‐not‐spiritual,” and “neither‐religious‐nor‐spiritual” peers in emerging adulthood. Specifically, we hypothesize that the spiritual‐but‐not‐religious young adults are more prone to crime than their “religious” counterparts, while expecting them to be different from the “neither” group without specifying whether they are more or less crime prone. Second, the expected group differences in crime are hypothesized to be explained by the microcriminological theories of self‐control, social bonding, and general strain. Latent‐variable structural equation models were estimated separately for violent and property crimes using the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The overall results tend to provide a partial support for the hypotheses. Implications for criminology and future research are discussed.     

Juvenile Delinquency in the USSR: A Criminological Survey

This article examines some statistical data concerning juvenile delinquency in the USSR, analyzes social and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents, and describes special methods of preventing and combating juvenile delinquency in the USSR.

In those cases when the article does not contain direct references to the source of the data, the author cites the results of various research studies which are in his possession.     

我国区域警务合作机制构建

现在我国的区域警务合作机制不论是在实施的效率、增加合作机会和层次以及警务资源的共享等方面还存在着很多的问题,这就要求我们要从建立新型的合作模式、更新现有的合作手段、转变原有的合作观念等方面努力完善我国的区域警务合作机制,只有这样才能进一步提高我国区域警务合作的工作效率、放大其实际效果,从而实现区域警务合作有效促进系统内部交流合作,控制社会面的目标。     

丹东地区毒品犯罪特点及对策研究

基于对丹东地区毒品犯罪活动的研究分析,总结出该地区毒品犯罪的特点,并基于各相关部门在打击丹东地区毒品犯罪实际工作中存在的问题,提出了加大毒品犯罪的打击力度、加强针对毒品犯罪的情报工作、加强缉毒队伍软、硬件建设、加强专群工作的有机结合以及加强各相关部门配合协作等一系列有针对性的预防和打击丹东地区毒品犯罪活动的对策,以期有效遏制该地区毒品犯罪,进一步维护边境地区的安全与稳定。     

警察侦破人体器官犯罪之困境及对策研究

近年来,人体器官犯罪在我国日显猖獗。《刑法修正案（八）》颁布之前,对此类行为仅以非法经营罪尴尬规制。对此,我国《刑法修正案（八）》新增罪名组织出卖人体器官罪。然而,该罪名虽已出台近乎一年,全国各地在司法实践中启用此罪名的判例却寥寥无几。这在某种程度上说明在立法和司法均已完备的基础上,公安机关对此类犯罪行为的行政执法发面存在一定不足,使该类行为不能被绳之以法。本文欲分析目前我国人体器官移植现状、人体器官犯罪情况、总结其作案特征,概括公安机关在侦破人体器官犯罪时面临的问题,从而提出有效的解决对策,以提高对此类犯罪行为的打击力度。     

试论工具痕迹的有效利用

随着新《刑事诉讼法》的颁布实施,司法制度对证据提出了更高的要求,工具痕迹检验鉴定技术面临着严峻的挑战。有效利用工具痕迹,强化刑事科学技术能力,提高侦破效率,适应新形势同犯罪做斗争的需要。实践中工具痕迹利用率低的原因有多方面,本文从主观因素与客观因素两方面分析了工具痕迹利用率低的原因,根据实际状况,提出了侦查破案中提高工具痕迹利用率的途径与方法。     

组织出卖人体器官罪的构成及认定

近年来,我国有关人体器官买卖的危害行为日益猖獗,严重威胁到广大人民群众的生命健康安全。基于此,刑法修正案（八）第37条明确规定了组织出卖人体器官罪,《刑法》第234条把组织出卖人体器官行为作为刑事犯罪进行打击。文章通过刑法规定的犯罪构成要件,分析了本罪的构成,即本罪的犯罪客体是公民的生命健康权利和国家器官移植医疗管理秩序;犯罪客观方面表现为非法组织他人出卖人体器官的行为;犯罪主体是一般主体;主观方面是故意。因此,司法实践中准确把握本罪与它罪,一罪与数罪的界限非常必要。     

经济犯罪的现代化变迁动力——兼析经济犯罪的防治实践

随着我国社会主义市场经济的进步和发展,社会现代化建设的水平不断提高,受经济形态和社会生产方式的影响,经济犯罪不断的出现,且形式多样,给我国经济的发展带来了极大的影响,导致经济犯罪呈现出不断变迁的趋势.引起这种变化的因素有很多,其中最主要的当属经济转型、社会结构调整以及社会控制.鉴于经济犯罪带来的巨大影响,我国政府必须要高度重视对经济犯罪的查处与防治,确保我国经济的安全,保证国民经济的正常发展.