两大法系狭义羁押启动制度探究及对我国的借鉴

狭义羁押是指逮捕（抓捕）犯罪嫌疑人后经由法庭或法官审查批准后决定的羁押,我国的狭义羁押指的是侦查机关决定拘留犯罪嫌疑人和检察机关决定逮捕犯罪嫌疑人后的羁押。羁押的启动应当是在充分遵循羁押基本原则的前提下,严格依照法律规定的羁押启动条件,并经过必要的司法审查的刑事诉讼程序。各国在捕押分离的前提下对羁押的条件和司法审查都有着严格的规定,对于完善我国的羁押制度,保障人权有着非常重要的借鉴意义。     

HELPING ALIENATED CHILDREN WITH FAMILY BRIDGES: PRACTICE, RESEARCH, AND THE PURSUIT OF "HUMBITION"

This article briefly summarizes and responds to feedback offered by Joan Kelly regarding Family Bridges: A Workshop for Troubled and Alienated Parent–Child Relationships™. We emphasize principles that promote an educational atmosphere, as opposed to a therapeutic one, and the court's role in contributing to successful interventions with severely alienated children. Among the considerations discussed are: working with favored parents, economic comparisons of Family Bridges with counseling approaches, modifying the program for use in prevention and with milder cases of alienation, and issues related to training additional team leaders and conducting outcome research.     

Foster children＇s right to family： A description and analysis of the legislative approach in Sweden

This paper emphasizes the foster children＇s right to family life and investigates whether change of custody and guardianship to foster parents is a successful option to achieve this right. Using CRC as the base for my definition of the right to family I will include the right to continuity, well-being and a family environment in the understanding of the term ＂right to family＂ in this article. These rights may, primarily, be fulfilled by the child＇s parents, and, if necessary for the best interest of the child, be complemented or substituted by foster or adoption parents. The analysis of different solutions concerning state interventions will base on Swedish law. In Sweden, a child in need of help or assistance as a result of abuse, neglect, or other inappropriate behavior in the home setting may be helped by the Social Welfare Committee-voluntarily or by a court order-in the child＇s home or a foster home. Other alternatives contain judicial involvement by changing custody and guardianship or making a decision for adoption. Since many years ago, the most commonly used alternative for children needing long term placements outside their homes in Sweden has become foster care. This development of many long-term placements has been criticized for not fulfilling the needs of the children, especially their needs for family continuity, stability and well-being. As a consequence, an amendment to the Social Services Act 200l was enacted in 2003 which states that the Social Services Committee shall consider the ＂permanence＂ of foster care by changing custody and guardianship to the foster parents three years later since a child starts in foster care, and every six months thereafter, as long as the child remains in the foster parents＇ care. Assuming that the foster parents are fit and willing to become custodians and guardians, and the child views the foster home as his or her home, the District Court can decide to change the custody and the guardianship to the foster parents. The assessment is to be based solely on the best interest of the child, and not on the fitness or wishes of the original custodian. However, can changing the custody and guardianship assist foster children＇s right to family？ This paper elaborates on this question by describing a legal reform in Sweden.     

论规章制定中听证程序的完善

《规章制定程序条例》第14条确定了规章制定中的听证程序,但听证程序的适用范围、法律依据、法理内涵等都没有一个清晰的界定从而导致规章制定中听证程序极其不完善。基于此种现实我们对该问题作了较为系统的探讨,认为目前我国规章制定中听证程序在程序适用范围上的瑕疵是规章规制事项的有限适用、程序主体上的瑕疵是行政系统起主导作用、程序效力上的瑕疵是软约束力。因此,我国规章制定中听证程序必须符合下列要件：听证程序典则的法形式性、听证程序适用范围的普遍性、听证程序定位的正当程序性、听证程序效力的法强制性。     

论政府信息公开过程中公众参与制度的构建

公众参与是协商民主理论的实现形式,是现代民主理论与实践的重要内容。政府信息公开的实施,尤其是政府信息公开范围和事项的确定,关系到知情权、隐私权等公民基本权利的保障和公共利益的实现及其相互之间的平衡。政府信息公开过程中引入公众参与制度是保护公民基本权利的需要,也是合理认定公共利益的需要。然而,综观《政府信息公开条例》的规定,我们可以发现,公众参与制度在政府信息公开过程中缺失。为贯彻参与民主理论和正当法律程序原则的要求,应当在政府信息公开过程中引入公众参与制度。其具体的制度框架应当包括:建立政府信息公开听证会制度;设置独立的政府信息公开审查咨询机构。     

What is the prevalence of abuse in the deaf/hard of hearing population?

It is thought that deaf or hard of hearing individuals are at greater risk of abuse than the hearing population. The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine and integrate existing literature to determine the prevalence rates of neglect, emotional, physical and sexual abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). A set of inclusion and exclusion criteria was determined. Following this a comprehensive search of numerous databases was conducted. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight studies reviewed the prevalence of sexual abuse, seven reviewed physical abuse, five reviewed emotional abuse, four reviewed neglect and six examined IPV. This exceeds 14 as numerous studies examined multiple types of abuse. Quality assessment indicated 12 studies were of ‘moderate’ quality and the remaining two were rated ‘good’ quality. Issues with similar samples, a tendency towards young, educated women within the IPV data, and small samples suggest caution is to be used when interpreting their results. The reliance on written measures and the absence of an interpreter or translation of materials in some studies further complicates the results. All types of abuse were found to be more prevalent within the deaf and hard of hearing population compared to the hearing population.     

Transferring custody from birth parents to foster parents – an ambiguous matter

In this study, we analyse 32 district court decisions regarding custody transfers from the birth parents to the foster parents in Sweden. When a child has been in foster care for three years, in order to enhance stability for child, the local social welfare committee considers a transferral of custody to the foster parents following an application to the district court. Although all but one of the decisions in our study favoured a custody transfer, the courts acknowledge different reasons for this. Specifically, there is vagueness about whether or not functioning contact between the child and birth parents is a hindrance in custody transfer. Our findings stress the need for clarification in the law regarding the criteria for custody transfer in order to reach a more unified judgment. Furthermore, the district courts do not sufficiently acknowledge children’s views, and we suggest that children and young people should be made more visible in the decision-making process.     

完善行政处罚听证制度的法律对策

行政听证制度是现代行政程序的核心制度。行政处罚听证制度在保障行政相对人合法权益,保证行政处罚决定的合法性和合理性等方面发挥着重要的作用。实践中,行政处罚听证适用范围过窄、听证笔录法律效力低等问题使行政处罚听证制度的作用没有得到充分发挥,因此亟待完善行政处罚听证制度。     

行政许可程序的立法欠缺及其完善

行政许可程序是规范行政许可的行为,防止行政许可实施权的滥用,保障公民、组织在行政许可实施中的正当权利的重要环节。尽管行政许可法设计了许多程序规则,但在某些方面还存在问题,诸如处理期限的规定不完善、听证程序不健全、缺乏有效的保障制度等。笔者在对此分析研究的基础上,提出了一些健全和完善我国行政许可程序的设想和建议。     

民事诉讼审级制度的新思考

在我国民事诉讼实践中 ,两审终审的审级制度有蜕化为“一审终审”的危险 ,加上其他一些弊端 ,两审终审制度渐呈难以为继的趋势。在构建我国三审终审制过程中 ,不必拘泥于三审上诉为“法律审”的限制 ,而应当考虑审级制度与再审程序的互相协调、作用互补。同时 ,要对现行各级法院的职能作出调整和分工 ,从组织机构上保障三审终审制度真正得到实施。