论公序良俗原则对习惯及习惯法的权衡

习惯、习惯法及公序良俗均为不确定的概念,因内涵上相互交融而难以完全区分。习惯与习惯法具有自发性、区域性、非正式性等特征,其适用可弥补成文法的不足,有利于现代民法对实质正义的追求。就功能论而言,公序良俗原则是习惯与习惯法的过滤器,起着净化习惯与习惯法的作用。也就是说,无论是习惯法还是事实上的习惯,只要违反公序良俗,均无适用的余地。     

民商事习惯法研究范围的再认识

在习惯法研究中,如果采用当代国家法中通用的法律体系作为区分部门法研究的标准,极可能导致既不能很好地把握我国习惯法固有的基本精神内核,又使得民商事习惯法的范围过于僵化,难以达成研究目的。立足于当下民商事习惯法特定的生存背景,结合民商事习惯法的“内在理路”,探求民商事习惯法的内在精神,从其固有的社会文化价值和实证的解决纠纷过程及效果出发,对民商事习惯法的范围进行再认识,是应取的科学态度。     

刑事和解制度再探析——以藏族“赔命价”习惯法为视角

以藏族“赔命价”习惯法为视角对新刑事诉讼法规定的刑事和解制度进行探析。“赔命价”制度是藏族独特的宗教、历史、地理等因素综合作用下形成的习惯法,其不可能予以简单的消除。在“赔命价”制度与法定刑事和解制度存在冲突的情况下,若欲既维护国家制定法的尊严又尊重民族习惯法,便需要我们通过制度设计把“赔命价”习惯法纳入司法程序中来。     

Indigenous African marriage and same-sex partnerships: Conflicts and controversies

ABSTRACT

In 2006 the Constitutional Court of South Africa ruled the common law definition of marriage to be unconstitutional because it did not accord same-sex couples the same benefits and responsibilities as heterosexual couples. This defect was corrected by the legislature with the enactment of the Civil unions Act. The recognition of same-sex partnerships or marriages by the Act reflects and acknowledges the diverse nature of a changing South African society. A question triggered by this legal development is the impact that same-sex partnerships will have on the country's customary law on marriage. This article presents a critical analysis of a possible co-existence between same-sex partnerships and customary laws on marriage. The author explores the customs upon which customary laws of marriage are founded, and assesses their flexibility in accommodating same-sex partnerships.     

Where is Latisha’s Law? Black Invisibility in the Social Construction of Victimhood

Laws named after specific crime victims have become increasingly common. These laws are part of a broader effort to downgrade the status and rehabilitative needs of offenders and to hear the voices and trumpet the legitimate concerns of victims—often as a means of justifying punitive crime control policies. Beyond the substantive merit of individual statutes, collectively these named laws provide a clear image of which victims warrant protection and memorialization: Victims who are vulnerable in some way, who are pursued by predatory criminals into their otherwise safe domains, and—above all—who are White. In this regard, an analysis of 51 named laws from 1990 to 2016 reveals that the vast majority of them (86.3%) honor White victims. In asking the question, “Where is Latisha’s Law?,” we seek to illuminate the virtual invisibility of African American victims and the implicit social construction of which lives matter more in American society.     

Driving under the influence of alcohol: a sequence analysis approach

Driving under the influence of alcohol is a contributing factor to a number of road traffic accidents. There is, however, a lack of research into the behaviours that lead to drink driving. The current research used a novel approach, behaviour sequence analysis, to investigate the chains of behaviours that lead to drink driving. Statements were taken from individuals (N?=?60) in an interview, reporting a time they had consumed alcohol and driven a vehicle. Statements were coded and the sequences of behavioural pairs were analysed. Results were presented in a state transition diagram, and indicated a variety of behavioural sequences leading to drink driving. A significant chain of events showed that individuals who had attempted to calculate their blood alcohol concentration and then drive a vehicle felt unsafe to drive, after driving. Also, many individuals did not intend to drink and drive; however, influences such as peer pressure and being surrounded by alcohol lead to them being more likely to consume multiple alcoholic drinks, and then drive a vehicle. The current research outlines future research, and implications for polices and laws on behaviours that surround drink driving, as well as providing a new method for research.     

我国知识产权保护的现状与问题

我国目前已经构建出包括宪法保护、民事法律保护、国际公约、协定保护等多种知识产权保护模式。但知识产权保护仍然存在一定的问题。完善知识产权的保护,要确立宪法在知识产权保护中的最高地位,平衡知识产权的各种利益冲突,构建出积极有效的知识产权法律冲突机制。     

陕甘宁边区民事法律创制的主要方式探析

边区政府创制民事法律的活动,是边区法制建设中的重要环节。在创制民事法律的过程中,边区政府采用了单行法为主的法律创制方式,同时,又以自主创制民事法律与有条件地援引国民政府法令相结合,自立创制与有条件地援引国民政府法令相结合,成文法与习惯法互补,法的实施与司法解释,重点创制与逐步完善相结合,以及采取概括式与列举式和划分总则与分则的立法技术。这些方式,使边区的民事立法与边区的实际紧密结合,其所坚持的实事求是的精神和重视调查研究,注重法律创制和边区的社会发展阶段相适应的做法,为当代中国的法律建设,提供了有益的历史经验。     

明清东北地区民事法律制度变迁特点研究

历代封建中央王朝都极力把中央权力渗透到边疆地区,使边疆的法律制度逐步内地化、趋同化,进而实现中央王朝稳定边疆的政治价值。稳定和秩序是社会得以正常运行的必要条件。要实现这种政治价值就必须要有一套制度体系作为载体。法律尤其是民事法律是民族精神的产物,它具有民族性,各民族均有自己的民间法,各自的民间法体现各民族的民族精神,而成为各民族的法律。由于封建帝国不注重民事问题,因此民事法律制度的这种趋同化较之于刑事法律制度缓慢得多,但是在缓慢的变迁中仍然体现出趋同与多元并存的局面。     

壮族习惯法及其特征与功能

壮族习惯法是广西壮族民间强制性的准法规范。它作为一种巨大深厚的社会存量,被特定的社会群体所选择、收纳、共享,成为壮族共遵共循的行为准则。本文着重阐述了壮族在集体生活、社会治安管理、保护人身安全、婚姻家庭、财产继承等方面习惯法的主要内容。并对壮族习惯法的审理、处罚进行了论述。认为壮族习惯法突出呈现出植根的乡土性、内容的生活性、管辖的地域性、运作的强制性、法规的不成文性、程序的不完善性等特征。并在壮族社会生活中发挥着维系功能,理顺社会秩序,维护社会稳定;调整功能,排解纠纷,协调关系;制约功能,规范行为,惩诫恶行;传承功能,传递民族文化,宏扬民族精神;教育功能,寓理于法,培养社会角色。