司法鉴定机构适应《司法鉴定程序通则》要求的探讨

作者通过对新颁布的《司法鉴定程序通则》研读与思考,结合目前多数司法鉴定机构的现状,对于作为《司法鉴定程序通则》主要管理对象之一的司法鉴定机构如何尽快适应这部重要法规的要求,制定和完善各项相关制度,科学规范司法鉴定工作,作了探讨。     

条约在国内适用的若干问题探讨

本文认为凡涉及到私人权利义务等事项的条约,都将会产生国内适用的问题。转化和纳入各有优劣,应视条约的不同而相应采用。至于在国内法中解决条约与国内法的冲突,则完全取决于各国法律的具体规定,条约在国内法上并非处于绝对优先的地位。就中国而言,转化已经成为我国适用条约的主要方式,而在处理条约与国内法冲突时,所采取的是条约优先的原则。     

论宪法与区际法律冲突

本文通过分析宪法中的立法管辖权规范及其与区际法律冲突的关系 ,探讨了宪法与区际法律冲突之间的关系。此外 ,本文还着重讨论了中国的宪法 ,尤其是两部基本法 ,对区际法律冲突问题的影响。本文的结论强调 ,宪法在一定程度上决定了复合法域国家区际法律冲突的产生、范围及其解决途径。     

废除南京国民政府"六法全书"之思考

废除南京国民政府"六法全书"在当时是必然的,这是由共产党人的法律观、马克思主义的国家观以及中国传统法律文化等方面的原因决定的."六法全书"的废除,对新中国法制建设产生了深远的影响,既有正面的经验,也有反面的教训.其最大危害就是中断了中国法制现代化的历史进程,强化了中国社会蔑视法律的民族传统心理,为新中国政策治国、以党代政、以党治国开了方便之门.     

Legislative Transparency and Credit Risk

Open governance requirements are designed to improve accountability, which implies that transparent governments are more trustworthy stewards of their publicly invested power. However, transparency may also reduce institutional effectiveness and inhibit political compromise, diminishing the capacity to manage resources responsibly. We assess empirical support for these competing perspectives in the context of American state legislatures, many of which have become exempt from state sunshine laws in recent decades. We leverage variation in the timing of these legislative exemptions to identify the effect of removing transparency in a crucial governing institution on investors’ risk perceptions of states’ general obligation bonds. Our analysis of these data during the period 1995–2010 suggests that removing legislative transparency reduces state credit risk. We conclude that while openness in government may be normatively desirable, shielding legislative proceedings from public view may actually be better for states’ debt repayment capacity, improving their overall fiscal health.     

“We feel that our strength is on the factory floor”: Dualism,shop-floor power,and labor law reform in late apartheid South Africa

ABSTRACT

This article explores the transformation of South African labor relations during the 1980s. In 1979, prompted by new shop-floor militancy, the Wiehahn Commission recommended that black workers, previously excluded from state labor machinery, be permitted to join recognized trade unions. Most discussions of this shift in apartheid labor relations focus on the ensuing debate within the black unions, torn between preserving their independence or securing state legitimation. This article looks instead at the related debate about ‘levels of bargaining’: should emergent black unions demand to negotiate at the factory level, where they had secured shop-floor strength through organizing and democratic practice, or pursue the benefits of the corporatist bargaining structures that had long excluded them and had privileged white workers? The eventual drift towards corporatism, I argue, imprinted the character of the South African labor movement into the post-apartheid era. An understandable desire to wield influence at the level of the national political economy eroded the tradition of workers’ control, shop floor democracy, and struggle unionism that black unions had forged during the 1970s and 1980s.     

Shifting rights,property and authority in the forest frontier: ‘stakes’ for local land users and citizens

Customary land and forests are more embedded in the global economy than ever. With globally significant supplies of land and raw materials and favorable terms for foreign investors, developing countries – particularly in Africa – have become increasingly attractive trade partners and destinations for investors. Increasing competition over land is placing new pressures on vast tracts of forest and woodland, areas often considered ‘under-utilized’ by national governments despite their critical role in supporting local livelihoods. While increased demand for primary agricultural, forest and mining commodities in the context of forest tenure reforms and decentralized decision-making could create unprecedented economic opportunities for forest-dependent communities, increased ‘stakes’ over forest resources and land will undoubtedly heighten governance challenges. This is in no small part due to the political dynamics of property, and to the role of the ‘recursive constitution of property rights and authority’ in the evolution of the modern nation-state. By identifying the social ‘stakes’ associated with different pathways through which sectoral and extra-sectoral commodities shape forests, this paper provides a conceptual framework for analyzing how shifting contours of rights, property and authority in the context of forest-related trade and investment shape human well-being for affected communities and the wider citizenry of host countries. It then illustrates the use of the framework through its application to two brief case studies from southern Africa: tobacco production in Malawi and copper mining in Zambia. It is hoped that this framework will provide a meaningful contribution to growing scholarship on the political dynamics of property, and implications for rights-based approaches to agricultural investment and large-scale land acquisitions.     

习惯法的刑事司法适用：举证与审查

习惯法之刑事实体机能的挖掘,最终是为其进入刑事司法操作开辟道路。本文的理论意图在于,对习惯法在刑事司法操作中可能面临的具体难题予以探讨。文章着重分析了习惯法的举证与审查问题。对前一问题而言,文章首先剖析了习惯法作为“事实”的性格,由此确立了其作为待证对象的地位。其次,文章结合习惯法在整体犯罪论结构中的不同角色和作用,分而治之地探讨了其举证责任的分配机理。就后一问题而言,文章主要从审查的必要、内容、标准等几个侧面入手,进行了讨论。其中,特别突出了民事上“公序良俗”原则之于习惯法刑事司法审查的重要意义。     

A nexus between labour movement and labour movement: the Knights of Labor and the financial side of global labour history

The rise of global and transnational labour history has revolutionised the study of working-class movements and individuals and the global forces that shaped them. Some of the more mundane considerations of these movements, however, have so far been neglected in this rapidly growing field. One of the most important of these considerations was money, or in other words the financial affairs of transnational movements such as trade unions and political parties. This article is a call to write the financial side of global labour history. It focuses on a global working-class movement that is itself often neglected in the historical literature, the Knights of Labor, and their outposts in Britain and Ireland. It examines the history of the British and Irish Knights through the prism of their financial history, so far as we can reconstruct it from the scanty sources that are available. This article argues that their financial ties with the United States and a series of embezzlement cases became major causes of their decline and, ultimately, their dissolution. Finally, this article draws conclusions from the financial misadventures of the British and Irish Knights of Labor that are relevant to the study of other international working-class movements and to the writing of global labour history in general.     

涉台民商事案件法律适用的现状与展望

通过对涉台民商事案件的实证分析,可以发现,参照或者直接适用国际私法规范解决涉台民商事法律适用问题是各地法院的普遍做法。当前,不同法院对涉台民商事案件属性识别存在分歧的原因是审判人员对涉台政策的认知不同,而适用国家法律解决涉台民商事案件所占比例过高的成因则在于当事人衡量两岸关系的特殊现状,理性地回避了选择适用台湾地区"法律"。对祖国大陆而言,为了摆脱当前涉台民商事法律适用面临的困境,应当从观念培育、理论构建、政策检讨和规范整合四个方面着手,解决国家统一前认可合法性未获承认的台湾当局民商事法律效力的正当性问题。