Aiko Torikoshi‐Hatano M.D.  Akira Namera Ph.D.  Hiroaki Shiraishi M.D.  Ph.D.  Yoshitaka Maeno Ph.D.  Hideaki Kato M.D.  Ph.D.  Masataka Nagao M.D.  Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(6):1673-1675

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Walter Kemp M.D.  Scott Schlueter B.S.  Elizabeth Smalley M.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2013,58(1):288-291

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Daniel Kraus  Markus Rüssli 《The Journal of World Intellectual Property》2011,14(1):54-74

This article, based on a study commissioned by the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, aims at identifying what legal, administrative and policy measures could be designed in a country such as Switzerland to promote compliance by users of genetic resources and traditional knowledge with measures regarding access and benefit sharing (ABS). The framework of the study is set by the existing international legal system and the international regime currently being discussed in the negotiations of the Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization. This article states the situation as at June 2010. Stakeholders in Switzerland have already taken numerous measures in order to comply with the ABS provisions contained in the Convention on Biological Diversity, such as the declaration of the source of genetic resources and traditional knowledge in patent applications or the development of best practice guidelines and recommendations. Can more be done? Two basic options for ABS user measures in Switzerland are examined, depending on the development of the international regime, with or without international certification. Whatever system is finally chosen, it should not reduce the stimulation in research and development, ought to be as little intrusive as possible into trade activities and should avoid duplications.  相似文献   

    

Varsha Podduturi M.D.  Joseph M. Guileyardo M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(3):807-811

Sickle cell trait (SCT) affects 300 million people globally, and awareness is growing that SCT is not an entirely benign condition; however, most reported cases have been non‐natural deaths. Autopsy records from the Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC) in Dallas, Texas, contained seven natural deaths from January 2007 to October 2013 in which micro‐occlusive sickling was identified at autopsy and SCT confirmed by postmortem hemoglobin fractionation. Sickle crisis was never diagnosed clinically. These cases illustrate the importance of red cell morphology in autopsy material. When sickling is suspected, hemoglobin fractionation should be performed. If confirmed, SCT should be listed as an autopsy finding and the severity and distribution of sickling documented. Extensive micro‐occlusive sickling should be considered contributory to death; however, its relative importance depends on all facts of the case. Accurate reporting should facilitate further research and the development of evidence‐based preventative and supportive strategies for these patients.  相似文献   

    

Marcia D. Fields Pharm.D.  Marie A. Abate B.S.  Pharm.D.  Lan Hu B.S.N.  D. Leann Long Ph.D.  Matthew L. Blommel Pharm.D.  Nabila A. Haikal M.D.  James C. Kraner Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(4):950-956

Effects of benzodiazepines on postmortem opioid parent and parent/metabolite blood concentration ratios were determined for fentanyl‐, hydrocodone‐, methadone‐, or oxycodone‐related accidental deaths. These opioids are partially metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme system, which is also affected by diazepam and alprazolam. Opioid/metabolite combinations examined were as follows: fentanyl/norfentanyl, hydrocodone/dihydrocodeine, methadone/EDDP, and oxycodone/oxymorphone. Parent opioid concentrations were analyzed for 877 deaths. Parent/metabolite concentration ratios were analyzed for 349 deaths, excluding cases with co‐intoxicants present known to interfere with opioid elimination. Alprazolam in combination with diazepam significantly decreased median hydrocodone concentrations by 48% (p = 0.01) compared to hydrocodone alone. The methadone parent/metabolite concentration ratio was reduced by 35% in the presence of diazepam compared to methadone alone (p = 0.03). Benzodiazepines did not statistically significantly affect fentanyl or oxycodone concentrations. Possible factors affecting opioid concentrations and possible toxicity development, including any differential effects on specific opioids, should continue to be explored.  相似文献   

    

J. Kuznik  W. Keil 《Science & justice》2000,40(1):41-44

A number of authors have indicated that haemorrhage of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles can be used as a diagnostic criterion to establish the cause of death. Other authors even consider it to be 'forensic evidence' when differentiating between natural and violent death. They agree on agonal asphyxia or dyspnoea as a developmental mechanism, possibly in combination with a 'convulsive' dilatation of the glottic cleft. In view of this difference of opinion, we conducted a study of our own. Retrospective evaluation of 2060 post-mortem examinations performed in 1996 at the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Munich disclosed 28 cases demonstrating visible haemorrhage of the PCA muscles. The study revealed no correlation between these findings and certain causes of death, nor any indication of certain mechanisms of development.  相似文献   

    

Fabian Kanz Ph.D.  Christian Reiter M.D.  Daniele U. Risser M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(3):613-620

A recently introduced method to determine the postmortem interval (PMI) based on quantification of the citrate content in bone was applied on the temporal bones and femora of 20 individuals buried in wooden coffins (WO) and body bags (BB), respectively. Concerning known vs. calculated PMI, a significant difference between the temporal and the femur bone samples of the same individuals was observed in the BB group (p = 0.012). In contrast, differences were insignificant for the WO group (p = 0.400). Moreover, similar levels of underestimation of PMIs resulted from the analysis of the femora for both burial groups (p = 0.247). Also, there was consistently less citrate preserved in the flat temporal bones as compared to the femora, indicating that the cortical layer of the long bones should be preferentially employed for citrate‐based PMI estimations. The results call for additional research on subsurface‐buried and surface‐deposited remains to enhance the accuracy of the published PMI equation.  相似文献   

    

Basappa S. Hugar M.D.  D.N.B.  Harish S. Shetty M.D.  D.F.M.  Girish Chandra P. Yajaman M.D.  Anitha S. Rao M.B.B.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(3):830-832

There have been numerous reports of sudden cardiac death following blunt trauma to the chest, but there is lack of such references in forensic literature. It is the court of law which makes decision about trauma precipitating natural events. The forensic pathologist is scientifically trained in the medical field and would be in a better position to give clear picture about the victim's general status at the time of death, exact nature and severity of the illness he is suffering from if any. He can also assess the nature and severity of injuries sustained, and thus, his opinion as to the possible role played by the traumatic event in bringing about the death is valuable. This paper will discuss the mechanism of cardiac injury or possible cardiac injury and sudden death of an apparently healthy 36‐year‐old male following blunt chest trauma sustained during alleged assault by his neighbor.  相似文献   

    

Jacqueline Studer M.Sc.  Christine Bartsch M.D.  Cordula Haas Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(6):1650-1653

Catecholamines, especially noradrenalin, are essential in the control of respiration and arousal. Thus, an impaired production of these neurotransmitters may contribute to the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The first step of the noradrenergic synthesis pathway is catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The TH‐encoding gene contains a tetrameric short tandem repeat in intron 1 (TH01), with allele 9.3 reported to be associated with SIDS in German infants. We investigated the allelic frequency of the TH01 marker in 171 Swiss SIDS infants and 500 healthy and gender‐matched Caucasian adults. In our study population, the allelic frequency of the 9.3 allele is similarly distributed in SIDS cases and controls (27.2% vs. 25.6%; p‐value = 0.562). Nevertheless, the TH‐encoding gene is only one of several genes involved in the noradrenergic biosynthesis pathway. Therefore, further genetic investigations are required with focus on the whole noradrenergic signaling system.  相似文献   

    

Ciro Di Nunzio Ph.D.  M.S.H.  Francesco Ausania M.D.  Arianna Serra M.D.  Pietrantonio Ricci M.D.  Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(6):1665-1667

Ingesting caustic substances represents a common event which may result in serious injuries of the gastrointestinal system. Severity of injury depends on the type of ingested substance: Caustic burns are more frequently associated with acid ingestion and their severity depends on type, concentration, time of exposure, and amount of the ingested substance. We report a case of phosphoric acid ingestion leading to death in a patient with depressive disorder. While reports ingestion of other acids and organophosphates can be found in the literature, there are no reports detailing a death due to phosphoric acid ingestion. We hope that presenting the findings in this case can aid death investigators in future cases that may involve ingestion of such a substance. After autopsy pH, phosphate and calcium ions concentration in the blood were analyzed. The cause of death was due to systemic effects: metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperkalemia.  相似文献