氯胺酮成瘾机制的研究进展

氯胺酮为苯环己哌啶（PCP）衍生物,是非竞争性N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（NMDA）受体桔抗剂。除作为临床上常用的静脉麻醉药外,氯胺酮还具有一定的致幻作用和成瘾性,非法滥用氯胺酮的人数呈现快速增长趋势。本文根据氯胺酮的药理及毒理学特性与目前公认的药物成瘾机制．从与药物成瘾机制有关的强化效应和奖赏系统、解剖结构、相关受体及个体差异等方面,对氯胺酮成瘾的可能机制作一综述。     

类型思维:刑法中规范构成要件要素存在的法理根据

理性至上与科学实证主义为刑法中记述性构成要件要素的创建及其普遍化提供了原动力,而同时它们的历史局限性也为规范构成要件要素的产生与存在敞开了大门。法学方法一元论为规范构成要件要素的类型特征与开放结构奠定了认识论基础,而规范构成要件要素的类型结构则是法学方法一元论在刑法中的一种具体体认。对规范构成要件要素具体内涵的把握也必将成为司法实践中的一个重要内容,刑法诠释方法的发达必将成为其发展方向。     

Election type and the logic of pre-election violence: Evidence from Zimbabwe

Election violence is often conceptualized as a form of coercive campaigning, but the literature has not fully explored how electoral institutions shape incentives for competition and violence. We argue that the logic of subnational electoral competition – and with it incentives for violence – differs in presidential and legislative elections. In presidential elections, national-level considerations dominate incentives for violence. Presidential elections are usually decided by winning a majority of votes in a single, national district, incentivizing parties to demobilize voters with violence in strongholds. In contrast, election violence is subject to district-level incentives in legislative elections. District-level incentives imply that parties focus on winning the majority of districts, and therefore center violent campaigning on the most competitive districts. We test our argument with georeferenced, constituency-level data from Zimbabwe, a case that fits our scope conditions of holding competitive elections, violence by the incumbent, and majoritarian electoral rule. We find that most violence takes place in strongholds in presidential elections, especially in opposition strongholds. In contrast, competitive constituencies are targeted in legislative contests.     

Repression and Terrorism: A Cross-National Empirical Analysis of Types of Repression and Domestic Terrorism

While some scholars have theorized that repression reduces terrorism because it raises the costs of participating in terrorist activity by dissidents, others argue that repression stimulates terrorism by either closing off nonviolent avenues for expressing dissent or by provoking or sharpening grievances within a population. This study investigates these contradictory sets of expectations by considering whether or not different specific types of repression yield different effects on patterns of terrorism in 149 countries for the period 1981 to 2006. By assessing the impact of nine specific types of repression on domestic terrorism, the study produces some interesting findings: while, as expected, forms of repression that close off nonviolent avenues of dissent and boost group grievances increase the amount of domestic terrorism a country faces, types of repression that raise the costs of terrorist activity have no discernible suppressing effect on terrorism.     

Institutional Differences and Local Government Performance: Evidence from Property Tax Assessment Quality

Abstract

This article examines the relationship between institutional differences embedded in local governance structures and government performance in the specific context of property assessment. In order to provide deeper insight into why certain governance structures perform better than others, we focus on the impact of nested levels of institutions—constitutional-level and substantive-level rules of governance—beyond the conventional perspective of the form of government. Based on panel data of cities and towns in New York State between 1993 and 2010, our analysis indicates that, among other institutional arrangements, municipalities employing the council–manager form with appointed assessors are most likely to achieve higher levels of assessment quality (uniformity) of the residential property. This indicates that having politically independent (more career-oriented), low-powered appointed governance structures rather than politically risk-averse (more voter-oriented), high-powered elected counterparts are more likely to be effective at reducing risk in tax equity issues, thus providing better financial performance.     

内热针治疗颈型颈椎病疗效观察

目的 观察内热针与电针治疗颈型颈椎病的近、远期疗效。方法 将80例颈型颈椎病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例,治疗组给予内热针治疗（每周1次）,对照组给予电针治疗（每周5次）,两组均治疗2周,治疗前、治疗2周结束时、治疗结束2个月随访时,分别观察患者的视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、颈痛量表（Northwick park neck pain questionnaire, NPQ）评分。结果 两组治疗前VAS、NPQ评分比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与治疗前相比,两组治疗后各观察时间点两项评分均有改善（P＜0.05）;且治疗组在各观察时间点两项评分改善程度均优于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 内热针与电针治疗颈型颈椎病均有较好的近期与远期疗效,且内热针优于电针。     

肝豆状核变性患者生命质量与中医证型的相关性研究

目的 探究肝豆状核变性（Wilsons disease,WD）患者生命质量的主要影响因素及其与中医证型的关系。方法 运用SF-36量表、抑郁自评量表（self-rating depression scale,SDS）调查186例WD患者的生命质量和情绪状况,并比较不同证型WD患者及参照人群SF-36量表各维度评分的差异;运用Pearson和Spearman相关分析及多元线性逐步回归研究SF-36量表各维度评分与各影响因素（包括患者性别、文化程度、居住地、病程等）的关系。结果 除精神健康维度外,男性WD患者其余7个维度评分显著低于男性参照人群（P＜0.01）;女性WD患者所有维度评分均显著低于女性参照人群（P＜0.01）。影响患者生命质量的因素较多,其中病程、费用支出方式、SDS评分对患者SF-36量表多个维度评分都呈负面影响。不同中医证型WD患者的生理功能、生理职能、社会功能、情感职能评分均显著低于参照人群（P<0.05,或P<0.01）;痰瘀互结型和肝肾阴虚型患者躯体疼痛评分显著低于痰湿中阻型（P＜0.01）,脾肾阳虚型患者的活力评分显著低于肝气郁结型（P＜0.05）,肝气郁结型患者的情感职能评分显著低于痰瘀互结型（P＜0.05）。结论 WD患者生命质量较正常人明显降低,不同证型患者的生命质量存在差异,对WD患者应早诊断、早治疗,加强农村患者的医疗保障。     

原发性高血压中医证型分布规律及其危险因素研究

目的 探讨原发性高血压中医证型的分布规律及其与危险因素的相关性。方法 收集290例原发性高血压患者的一般资料,采用无序多分类Logistic回归分析原发性高血压中医证型与性别、年龄、体质量指数、饮食偏嗜、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病家族史的相关性。结果 原发性高血压中医证型以痰湿壅盛证为主。单因素分析结果显示,原发性高血压中医证型与年龄、饮酒史、高血压家族史及饮食偏嗜具有相关性（P<0.05）。无序多分类Logistic回归分析显示,以阴阳两虚型为对照组,年龄≤65岁（P<0.05,OR=29.328）和高血压病家族史（P<0.05,OR=9.499）与肝火亢盛型相关;年龄≤65岁（P<0.05,OR=9.241）和饮食偏咸（P<0.05,OR=4.840）与痰湿壅盛型相关;年龄≤65岁（P<0.05,OR=10.304）和高血压病家族史（P<0.05,OR=8.312）与阴虚阳亢型相关。结论 痰湿壅盛型是原发性高血压的主要证型,饮食偏咸是痰湿壅盛型的危险因素;家族史是肝火亢盛型、阴虚阳亢型的危险因素。     

慢性浅表性胃炎中医证型分布与幽门螺杆菌感染、胃镜像及病理表现相关性分析

目的 探讨慢性浅表性胃炎(chronic superficial gastritis,CSG)中医证型分布与幽门螺杆菌(helico-bacter pylori,Hp)感染、胃镜像及病理表现的相关性.方法 选取150例经胃镜和病理检查确诊为CSG的患者,根据中医辨证分型将其分为肝胃不和型(n=38)、脾胃湿热型(n=2...     

感染新型鸭肝炎病毒雏鸭的SOD活性和MDA含量变化

用新型鸭肝炎病毒人工感染雏鸭 ,对感染雏鸭血液、肝、脑中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量进行了检测。结果显示 :血清和肝组织中MDA含量在感染后第 2 4h极显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,脑组织中MDA含量无显著变化。血清中SOD活性第 2 4h极显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,第 96h极显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;肝组织SOD活性于感染后第 2 4h显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;脑组织中SOD活性无显著变化。提示 :自由基参与了新型鸭肝炎的发生、发展过程。