略论清代前期西北边疆的"因俗而治"政策

清代前期在西北边疆地区所实行的"因俗而治"政策,实际上是根据少数民族的历史传统、社会情况、风俗习惯等所制定的、目的在于加强对西北边疆民族地区的有效管理,实现西北边疆地区社会稳定的治边政策.     

中国青年政策执行过程的初步研究--史密斯模型的一个解释

中国青年政策执行过程中"理想化的政策"、"执行机构"、"目标群体"和"政策环境"四个方面存在着互动关系,而造成青年政策执行现状的本质原因是利益互动,要改善青年政策的系统环境,最根本的是要从利益的角度分析,在四个方面分别采取对策.     

The Future of the European “Social Model” in the Global Economy

This article examines the prospects for European welfare states in the context of globalization. It begins with a critical review of the globalization arguments. While there is some evidence that external constraints make life harder for policymakers seeking positive-sum outcomes, it is the combination of national debt and spending limits, plus domestic tax resistance, that really count in making expenditure-based social and employment policies more difficult in certain countries. In understanding the constraints and opportunities that will shape Europe's welfare future, globalization—crudely understood—is therefore much less influential than many suppose. While EMU has radically diminished national autonomy in exchange rate, monetary policy, and fiscal policy, there are also beneficial consequences for social policy and broader economic management. On the employment and social policy side, initiatives required to match greater flexibility with sustained security are now at the top of the EU agenda, and mechanisms for diffusing best practice across Europe are being put in place. Within this framework, European welfare states must place more emphasis on dynamic equality, being primarily attentive to the worst off, more hospitable to incentive-generating differentiation, and actively vigilant with regard to the openness of opportunity structures.     

Questioning Appeals to Community within Crime Prevention and Control

This article casts a critical eye over some of the (often ignored) assumptions which underlie recent appeals to community in crime prevention and control. The article considers the philosophical origins, ambiguities and tensions within such appeals. In so doing, it draws explicitly upon the growth of community safety and to a lesser extent restorative justice in Britain and considers some of the implications to which this shift may give rise. In particular, it focuses upon the manner in which appeals to community converge and collide with changing social relations which may undermine their progressive potential. Specific attention is given to the implications of: increasing social and spatial dislocation; the commodification of security; and policy debates about a growing underclass. It is argued that there is much confusion as to how, and to what extent, communities can contribute to the construction of social order. Within the dynamics of community safety and crime control practices there are dangers that security differentials may become increasingly significant characteristics of wealth and status with implications for social exclusion. This questions the extent to which crime is an appropriate vehicle around which to (re)construct open and tolerant communities.     

Private Policing in Context

This article considers the development, growth and significance of private policing in a wider context. Section one suggests that the rebirth of private policing is associated with - and, in effect, demands - a change in the conceptual framework with which policing is analysed. While section one addresses the conceptual context of private policing, section two examines its theoretical context by considering various explanations for the post-war growth of commercial security. Moving from specific to general accounts, it is suggested that two explanations - one based upon sociological accounts of the development of modern societies, the other on genealogical accounts of developing mentalities - provide a crucial context for understanding contemporary changes in policing and governance. In the next section, two of these changes - the growing influence of risk-based policing and the increasing significance of diverse patterns of governance - are considered in the context of the fragmented forms of security provision (commercial, municipal, civil and state policing) which are prevalent today. A short concluding section offers some final thoughts on how these arguments impact on the governance of policing. One of the implications contained in this article is that the re-emergence of private policing needs to be considered not only as a problem, but also as an opportunity to identify and address critical questions of contemporary governance.     

Opinion formation in foreign policy: the Swiss experience

Applying John Zaller's model of opinion formation to survey data covering 15 years (1981–95) of direct democracy in Switzerland, this paper provides a contribution to the debate about opinion formation in foreign policy. On the one hand, the Swiss experience contradicts the widespread view that citizens are poorly informed about and little interested in foreign affairs. On the other hand, direct democracy often translates into governmental defeats in this field. We address these mixed results and show that opinion formation in foreign policy is not a special case, and differs from that in domestic policy only with respect to the circumstances under which it occurs. In particular, we highlight the unusual type and level of conflict within the elite on foreign policy issues, which translates into distinct patterns of attitudes among the public.     

清朝治理云南边疆民族地区的思想及举措

清朝治边思想的核心仍是传统的"守中治边"及"守在四夷".以这一思想为指导,清廷在前半期注重边疆的巩固与管理,并作出了重要贡献.在经济方面,清朝把移民与云南的开发以及实现人口合理分布联系起来,造成了规模空前的平民移民垦荒运动.清朝还把云南看作国家赋税和金属产品的重要供给地,使云南成为全国经济发展不可缺少的重要环节.     

对三个公安基本理论问题的思考

在实施依法治国、依法行政和依法治警的条件下 ,公安机关的职能应该有区别于其它社会部门的职业性表述 ;除了继续贯彻执行党委领导下的群众路线这一根本路线外 ,应该拟定一个指导新时期公安工作的基本路线 ;传统的公安工作政策应该有所调整和创新。     

略论依法推进农村科技政策体系创新

农村科技政策体系创新是社会主义新农村与现代农业建设的必须选择,面对目前科技政策实现困境,有必要通过强化法制理念、加强立法工作、加大法制宣传、搞好认真执法、加强法制监督来实现农村科技政策的法制化,以此推进农村科技政策体系创新的步伐。     

刑事政策演进视阈下的“破小案”

随着社会治安形势的发展，基本刑事政策由“惩办与宽大相结合”向“宽严相济”演进，随之具体刑事政策亦将由“严打”向“破小案”演进。考量法律的严肃性和执法的公正性，在刑事执法层面，警察机关应树立起“破小案”的工作理念。