Limitation of religious freedom to conform to the standards of an open and democratic society

One has freedom of religion, not freedom from religion. This claim is common, but it rests on a misunderstanding of what real freedom of religion entails. The most important thing to remember is that freedom of religion, if it is going to apply to everyone, also requires freedom from religion. Why is that？ One does not truly have the freedom to practice one＇s religious belief if one is not also required to adhere to any of the religious beliefs or rules of other religious. Freedom from religion does not mean, as some mistakenly seem to claim, being free from seeing religion in society. No one has the right not to see churches, religious expression, and other examples of religious belief in the nation, and those who advocate freedom of religion do not claim otherwise. What freedom from religion does mean, however, is the freedom from rules and dogmas of other people＇s religious beliefs so that people can be free to follow the demands of their own conscience, whether they take a religious form or not. Thus they have both freedom of religion and freedom from religion because they are two sides of the same coin.     

中国男性性自由的刑法保护盲点

男性遭受性侵犯是社会中既存的事实,男性在性侵犯中所受的痛苦及产生的社会影响,也是严重而深远的。长久以来中国刑法在此方面对被害人的法律救济却近乎空白,相对中国,其他一些国家却形成了较为完善的刑法保护规则,并取得了预期的效益。因而中国在这一领域内有必要借鉴和吸收他国的先进的立法模式并借此完善中国刑法的内容。     

Age determination of ballpoint pen ink by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Two main approaches can be used for determining the age of an ink: indirect dating and direct dating. Indirect dating is based on the chemical analysis of an ink followed by comparison with known samples in a reference collection. The collection should contain information about the inks including the market introduction dates. This approach may allow for an anachronism to be detected. The second concept is based on measuring ink components that change with age. The analysis of solvents in ballpoint inks may be a useful parameter for determining the age of ink on paper. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated that thermal desorption of ink directly from paper, followed by chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), is a promising procedure for characterizing ink-binder resins and solvents. Preliminary tests showed that monitoring the evaporation of ink solvent from ink on paper is not a suitable method for ink dating. Thermal analysis of ink on paper in two steps revealed that fresh ink releases a relative amount of solvent at a certain low temperature in a defined period of time, which decreases as the ink ages. As a consequence, this relative amount of solvent released at a certain low temperature, and its decrease with time, can be used to estimate ink age. This age-dependent parameter was studied in 85 different inks ranging in age from 1 week to 1.5 years. It was found that some inks showed a significant decrease of this parameter up to an age of several months, and that the aging process can be monitored within this period. For other inks, however, the age-dependent parameter decreases relatively fast, e.g., within a few days, to a constant level, which can be too fast for casework. Based on these results, a general procedure for assessing the age of ballpoint pen inks on paper was developed.     

活体跟骨数字X线片性别判定

目的应用数字X线摄影方法测量跟骨,评估5项测量指标在法医学性别判定中的价值。方法393例受试对象随机分组,实验组334例(男性148例,女性186例),验证组59例(男性26例,女性33例)。每一受试对象按照规定投照方法摄跟骨侧位DR片,分别测量5项跟骨长度指标。方差分析检验实验组各项指标性别间差异,Fisher判别分析及多元逐步判别分析建立性别判别函数。验证组样本数据回代,前瞻性评估判别效能。结果5项指标性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。共建立了6组性别判别函数,性别判断正确率在78.4%～88.9%之间;回代检验,判断正确率在79.7%～86.4%之间。结论跟骨侧位数字X线片5项长度测量指标代入判别函数进行性别判定的方法可为法医学个人识别中的性别判定提供帮助。     

法眼看辽宁西丰“拘传记者案”

辽宁西丰"拘传记者案"是地方公共权力侵犯公民宪法权利,侵害传媒新闻自由权,侵犯记者人身自由权的典型案例。该案例对我们的启示是,应着重在制度层面上调整地方党政机关职权划分和完善党对地方事务,尤其是司法事务的领导方式;在法律层面上进一步完善《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》等相关法律,细化公安机关和检察机关司法行为的法定要件,特别是要尽快完善关于记者权利保护的立法等,以更好地保障新闻媒体和社会大众对我国各级国家机关及其工作人员进行舆论监督。     

Application of the Iscan method to two- and three-dimensional imaging of the sternal end of the right fourth rib

Age determination is a major field of interest in physical and forensic anthropology. Among the different methods based on macroscopic skeletal study, the Iscan method, which analyzes the sternal end of the right fourth rib, is one of the most reliable. We applied the Iscan method to two- and three-dimensional multislice computed tomography (MSCT) reconstructions of the sternal end of the right fourth rib on 39 ribs. The intra-observer variability on MSCT reconstructions was good (gamma coefficient equal to 0.86; value of the Krippendorff's alpha reliability equal to 0.79); inter-observer variability on MSCT reconstructions was also good (gamma coefficient ranging from 0.82 to 0.88; value of the Krippendorff's alpha reliability ranging from 0.78 to 0.86). We demonstrated excellent agreement between the results of analysis of bone samples and those of the two- and three-dimensional images, in particular regarding bone projections, morphology of the pit and of its rim. The accuracy of age estimation did not significantly differ between the Iscan method applied to dry bones and the same method applied to MSCT images. Determination of the Krippendorff's alpha reliability coefficient for the inter-error method confirmed the agreement between phase estimations obtained with the two methods (ranging from 0.55 to 0.71). The real civil age was comprised in 21 cases out of 36 for assessment performed on dry bones and in 23 cases out of 36 on MSCT reconstructions, which represented 58.3% and 63.9%, respectively. Use of MSCT reconstructions in forensic anthropology offers many advantages: no bone preparation, no damage to bone material, and the possibility of application to living individuals.     

Morphometric criteria for sexing juvenile human skeletons using the ilium

Previous attempts to sex juvenile skeletons have focused on the application of qualitative or semi-quantitative techniques. This study applies a variety of geometric morphometric methods, including eigenshape analysis, to this problem. Six metric criteria for the ilia were tested with the aim of investigating previous ideas concerning sexually diagnostic characters. This study uses 25 ilia from juveniles of known age and sex from Christ Church, Spitalfields, London. Ninety-six percent of juvenile ilia were correctly identified as male or female using the shape of the greater sciatic notch. Identification accuracy is shown to improve with age for several criteria. Males were identified to a higher accuracy than females. Application of geometric techniques improves the understanding of the relationship between age, sex, and shape and the clarity with which these relationships can be quantified. Archaeological and forensic relevance of the results are discussed with recommendations for future application.     

人皮肤组织刺、切创后IL-8表达的免疫组织化学研究

为探讨人皮肤刺、切创后白细胞介素 8(interleukin 8,IL 8)在推断皮肤损伤时间中的应用价值 ,本研究应用免疫组化技术对 5 2例不同损伤时间人体皮肤刺、切创组织中IL 8的表达进行了研究。伤后 4h的损伤皮肤组织中可见部分的多核粒细胞表达IL 8。伤后 12～ 2 4h ,大部分浸润的多核粒细胞及部分单核细胞为IL 8阳性。随伤后时间延长 ,IL 8阳性细胞以单核及成纤维细胞为主。伤后 4～ 6h的皮肤中 ,IL 8阳性细胞比率较低 ,为 16 0±10 1%。伤后 1～ 4d达高峰 ,为 5 9 6± 8 7%。其后逐渐减少。本研究结果表明 ,IL 8的表达可用于皮肤刺、切创后损伤时间的推断。     

一种用于降解DNA样本的性别鉴定方法

目的　建立一种采用PCR技术对降解DNA样本进行性别鉴定的新方法。　方法　采用针对amelogenin基因X染色体外显子 3bp缺失设计的引物AMELU1及AMELD1,对在室温环境下放置 5～ 15年的男、女血痕标本各 5 0例、毛发各 2 0例、骨骼各 2 0例以及现场提取 5 - - 2 0天的男、女腐败肌肉各 10例标本中提取的降解DNA样本进行扩增。用PAG( 9%T ,3 %C)电泳、银染显带检测扩增产物。　结果　所有样本均得到正确结果 ,男性检材表现为 83bp的Y特异性及 80bp的X特异性 2条谱带 ,而女性检材仅有 1条 80bp的X特异性谱带。　结论　用针对amelogenin基因X染色体外显子 3bp缺失设计的引物AMELU1及AMELD1鉴定性别的方法灵敏、可靠、方便 ,是降解DNA检材性别鉴定十分理想的方法。     

论农民结社自由与RNGO之发展

农民结社自由是农民享有的一项基本的宪法权利。农民结社自由对农民维权、发展农业生产力、推动乡村自治非常重要。RNGO是指农村非政府组织或农村民间组织,其作用主要在于推动农村民主政治建设．发展农村市场经济,满足农民多元化需求和树立农村社会新风。目前,中国RNGO的发展还存在制度上、组织上和资源上的诸多困境。政府要加强RNGO的立法和制度建设,通过多种途径引导、支持和监督RNGO的发展。