白芍饮片厚度对其损耗及标准汤剂转移率和出膏率的影响

目的 考察不同厚度白芍饮片的损耗及其标准汤剂的转移率和出膏率,评价饮片厚度对白芍质量的影响。方法 切制不同厚度的白芍饮片,计算其碎屑率、下料率和翘片率;制备不同厚度白芍饮片标准汤剂,测定其出膏率,并利用高效液相色谱法测定白芍饮片和汤剂中的主要成分,计算其转移率。结果 其碎屑率、下料率及翘片率随饮片厚度增加而降低;白芍饮片的标准汤剂出膏率和各成分转移率与白芍饮片厚度成反比。结论 在本研究的基础上,结合产业化生产实际,建议亳白芍饮片厚度以2 mm左右为宜。     

牡丹皮药材关键质量标准的优化研究

目的 优化牡丹皮药材的关键质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对牡丹皮药材进行研究;采用高效液相色谱法建立牡丹皮药材的特征图谱,对芍药苷和丹皮酚含量进行测定。结果 牡丹皮药材的薄层色谱中与对照品丹皮酚及对照药材色谱相应位置上,显现相同颜色的斑点;建立了高效液相色谱法特征图谱共有模式,检出5个共有峰,生成牡丹皮药材特征图谱;18批药材中芍药苷含量为0.90%~1.70%,丹皮酚含量均符合2015版《中华人民共和国药典》的限量要求。结论 该方法对薄层色谱鉴别法进行优化,建立牡丹皮特征图谱,新增含量限量指标,专属性强,重复性好,简便高效,可更为有效地控制牡丹皮药材的质量。     

超高效液相色谱与单四极杆质谱法同时测定胃复春片中7个成分含量

目的 建立超高效液相色谱串联单四极杆质谱法同时测定胃复春片中橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、迷迭香酸、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rf、人参皂苷Rb1的含量。方法 使用Waters X-select HSS T3（3.0 mm×150 mm,2.5 μm）色谱柱,以乙腈-0.05%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.5 mL/min,使用ESI离子源,负离子模式,选择性离子监测模式下对橙皮苷（m/z 609.13）、新橙皮苷（m/z 609.13）、迷迭香酸（m/z 359.15）、人参皂苷Re（m/z 991.47）、人参皂苷Rg1（m/z 845.49）、人参皂苷Rb1（m/z 1 107.60）、人参皂苷Rf（m/z 845.49）进行测定。结果 7个成分的分离度、线性关系良好。平均回收率为89.3%~101.2%（n=6）,RSD均小于4.0%。14批胃复春片中橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、迷迭香酸、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Rf、人参皂苷Rb1的含量范围分别为0.15~0.22、2.50~3.02、0.27~1.05、0.18~0.26、0.16~0.21、0.06~0.08和0.35~0.57 mg。结论 该方法简单快速,重复性好,可用于胃复春片的质量控制,为后续胃复春片质量标准的提升提供参考。     

The Geography of the International System: The CShapes Dataset

Sceptics of globalization attribute the proliferation of light weapons to economic openness. Increasing globalization apparently weakens public authority, leading to social disarray, anomic violence, and general conditions that make handgun ownership and use more likely. Pro-globalists might argue contrarily that trade openness can raise the premium on peace as violence is bad for business. Moreover, greater interdependence allows the diffusion of anti-proliferation norms and facilitates cooperative behavior among trading partners for stemming the demand for and proliferation of small arms. Using a unique dataset on small arms imports, we find that greater openness to trade and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) lowers small arms imports per capita. A policy measure of economic freedom is associated with higher small arms imports, but this association seems to be explained entirely by the association between economic freedom and strong bureaucracies. States that are de facto more open to the global trading system are less likely to be inundated with these weapons, but richer, better-governed countries import more small arms. Global policy should pay closer attention to the seepage of these weapons from the relatively wealthy, who manufacture and buy them in larger quantities, to the poor, among whom the ‘problems’ associated with small arms are often manifested. Curbing those factors that encourage globalization, however, would be counterproductive to reducing the trade in small arms and light weapons.     

Globalization and Political Violence, 1970–2008

The question of globalization's effect on social harmony continues to be fiercely debated. We use a comprehensive measure of globalization (the KOF index) designed to capture the intensity of connectivity among countries along economic, social, and political dimensions. Our results suggest that globalization, particularly economic and social globalization, predicts a lower risk of civil war and political repression, but economic globalization predicts lower repression even after unit heterogeneity is accounted. When country fixed effects are accounted, political globalization's effect is problematic for human rights, suggesting that politically influential states escape the constraining effects of globalization on political repression. Indeed, globalization generally shows up as more important than per capita income, a variable often found to be one of the most robust determinants of political violence. The results taken together support those who argue that increased globalization may enhance prospects for social progress, not social resistance and political violence as skeptics claim.     

《庄子》寓言的政治批判——警示人类的异化与引导精英的人生去就

庄子对于人类文明的进程作了根本性的反思。其寓言批判社会政治的地方甚多,在两个方面影响尤其深远：其一是指出“人为”之治使人类出现有违自然的异化,且有愈演愈烈之势,甚至作出“千世之后其必有人与人之相食者也”的警示;其二是对士人的人生道路作有别于修、齐、治、平的指向——“无为”于政治,“游心”于大道,超然世俗享受天赋的智慧生命。即使是对当代人也不无教益和启示。     

Thyroid Cartilage Ossification and Multislice Computed Tomography Examination: A Useful Tool for Age Assessment?

Abstract: Many authors have studied the thyroid cartilage ossification process using radiographic features for age estimation of individuals. Their results were various: Sugiyama reported excellent correlation coefficients between ossification rates and civil age, unlike most other authors. We hypothesized that recent advances in imaging techniques would enable more precise evaluation of the ossification of the thyroid cartilage. We retrospectively analyzed the CT scans of 312 French patients using postprocessing software to examine the pattern of thyroid cartilage ossification, calculating the ossified volume of the cartilage on 3D reconstructions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for volume were 0.73 for men and 0.75 for women (standard error 18.02 and 17.06), indicating considerable inter‐individual variability. Although a correlation between civil age and morphological changes was found, these methods based on thyroid cartilage ossification were not accurate enough for the assessment of individual age.     

The Impact of Racial Metric Variation in the Os Coxae on the Morphological Assessment of Sex*

Abstract: This study examines whether sex determination based on morphological traits in the os coxae is impacted by racial quantitative variation. Nineteen traits were evaluated independently by two observers in 876 os coxae. Chi‐square test was used on a random sample of 400 individuals to assess whether the distribution of correct sex assessment varied for white and black individuals based on each trait individually and all 19 traits collectively, as well as on inter‐observer agreement in correct sex assessment. Results indicate that accuracy of sex assessment varied between white and black individuals in certain individual traits; however, accuracy was not impacted when all traits were considered together. Furthermore, traits that showed significant variation in correct sex assessment between races generally were not related to size, but instead were “discrete.” Finally, analyses of inter‐observer variation suggest that disparities in sex assessment for some traits may be related to differences in trait interpretation between observers rather than morphological dissimilarities between races.     

TW2法3种标准用于中枢性性早熟患儿骨龄推断的比较

目的 探讨TW系列骨龄评分法中TW2(英国人标准)、TW2-CHN(中国人标准)和TW2-JP(日本人标准)3种标准对中枢性性早熟(central precocious puberty,CPP)惠儿骨龄评价的诊断价值,以及正常值临界点的确定.方法 选取确诊为CPP的病例组61例;对照组67例,其中同龄正常儿童61例,另6例为特殊对照组.两名医师独自阅每一对象左手腕部X线片,分别用3种标准测定骨龄;将骨龄与生理年龄的差值(d)用SPSS 13.0进行ROC分析.结果 (1)两名医师骨龄测定结果的K值为0.776(u=16.128,P<0.05):(2)TW2、TW2-CHN及TW2-JP 3种标准测得的ROC曲线下面积两两之间的差异无统计学意义;(3)TW2中d≥1.15岁、TW2-CHN中d≥1.25岁与TW2-JP中d≥0.65岁为敏感度、特异度都较高的点.结论 TW2、TW2-CHN及TW2-JP 3种标准时CPP患儿骨龄评价的诊断价值都较高,其中TW2-CHN对中国儿童的诊断价值最大.     

宪法保留：对基本自由权利限制的限制原则

法律保留原则要求某些重要事项必须留给立法机关以法律的形式加以规定,目的是约束行政权,防止行政权滥用,并在客观上要求司法机关依法裁判;然而,宪政的本质特征之一是有限政府的理念,即使是立法机关的权力本身也应当是有限度的。实际上,宪政国家违宪审查制度的普遍确立正是主要基于对立法权滥用的矫正;而我国从依法治国到依宪治国思路的转变也在事实上承认了立法权本身存在滥用的可能。因此,从法律保留到宪法保留,是保障人民基本自由权的重要原则,这一原则立基于对多数决暴政的恐惧和对有限政府理念的信奉,它在一定程度上杜绝了宪法一手承认人民基本自由权利,而法律的另一手却又予以剥夺的弊病。