迁徙自由的限制：学说、规范与实践

对迁徙自由的保障，是人类社会进步的必然要求，我国明文入宪也是必然趋势，又因为社会秩序、社会利益以及公民其他权利的保障也是法治的内涵，故对迁徙自由加以合理限制本即迁徙自由的应然之意。基于对迁徙的“自由层面”与“限制层面”这两者之间紧张关系的考量，将按照阿列克西的基本权限制理论对迁徙自由从“保障——限制——违宪阻却事由”三个层次加以分析，并将在对德国和美国的迁徙自由限制的宪政实例进行分析的基础上，探讨我国现行户籍制度是否属于对迁徙自由限制，最终对户籍制度这一迁徙自限制政策如何改良等问题提出见解。     

Toleration,neutrality, and exemption

ABSTRACT

I focus on some controversial features of Peter Balint’s stimulating and provocative reassessment of the place of toleration in contemporary diverse societies. First, I question his argument that we must enlarge the concept of toleration to include indifference and approval if toleration is to be compatible with state neutrality. Secondly, I suggest that his idea of active neutrality of intent risks encountering the same difficulties as neutrality of outcome, although these will be mitigated the more the state’s neutrality takes a ‘hands-off’ form. Thirdly, while accepting his claim that exemptions depart from neutrality insofar as they attribute a significance to religious and conscientious convictions that they deny to mere preferences, I argue that that departure is not arbitrary and remains within the spirit of neutrality of intent.     

The limit-experience and self-deradicalisation: the example of radical Salafi youth in Tunisia

This article gives an example of self-deradicalisation from Tunisia. It addresses the potential of radicalised individuals to de-radicalise themselves from within the Salafi doctrine with no external interventions, in comparison with the state’s religious rehabilitation approaches to tackling radicalism which not only fail but are also counterproductive. Deradicalisation could, of course, involve a more comprehensive rejection of Salafi ideology. This article suggests that an effective type of deradicalisation that is more likely to make the desired change possible is one in which there is a gradual modification of some attitudes and behaviours without abandoning the whole underpinning Salafi ideology. Referring to the personal narratives of 28 individual Tunisian Salafis, the article identifies phases of radicalisation and deradicalisation as the individual voluntarily moves from embracing radical ideology to a more critical understanding and practice reflecting on personal and interpersonal experiences of being radicalised. The research shows that the process of self-deradicalisation is reflective of Salafi youth experience of engagement with radicalism and is more likely to happen in societies that allow political expression and individual freedom that invoke individuals’ critical thinking.     

法治视野下公务员的言论自由探析

言论自由是一项基本人权,但作为公务员这一特殊群体,其言论自由与一般公民的言论自由相比具有特殊之处。随着我国民主法治进程的不断加快,在法治视野下如何对公务员的言论自由进行科学规制逐渐引起重视。民主法治国家要求公务员的言论自由既要受到宪法和法律的保障也要受到一定的限制。笔者认为法治视野下公务员言论自由的行使应受到公务员与所在机关的法律关系、公务员忠诚义务、公务员中立义务等因素的限制。同时对公务员言论自由的限制理应符合比例原则、双阶理论和双轨理论等标准的约束。     

Political budget cycles and media freedom

This paper examines the effects of elections on the conduct of central governments' fiscal policies. To do so, it uses a unique panel database that includes disaggregated spending and revenue series at the central government level for multiple countries over the 1975–2010 period. Examining political environments under which incumbent governments generate political budget cycles (PBCs), and comparing the relative importance of factors influencing cycles, we identify media freedom as the factor that plays the most critical role. This result provides a micro-foundation for rational opportunistic models for PBCs that rely on asymmetry of information about politicians' competence, and also offers a way to relate different conditioning factors of PBCs, including fiscal transparency and the maturity of democracies. Further, we show that the election-year rise in budget deficits under low media freedom is primarily driven by an increase in the current, not capital, component of public expenditure.     

权利外“行为自由”的规制

我国因缺乏对基本权利的权威解释,以致目前出现了因禁乞、限制设置室外可见的室内广告等引发的行政合法性危机。基于我国国情,我们无法照搬西方宪政的经验,而只能创造出"权利外行为自由"的概念,将不为法律限制也不受法律保护的行为纳入其中。这样的自由对国家权力仅具弱拘束力。根据对我国《宪法》文本的学理解释,国家有权对权利外行为自由进行规制,但对不具负外部性的行为和不具规制必要性的行为,国家不得规制。为保障规制权不被滥用,规制主体有义务作出让公众信服的理由说明,确保不存在"多数人的偏见"和"少数人的偏见"。     

互联网时代下的言论自由及其限制

言论自由是国际人权法和各国宪法所规定的一项基本人权。互联网平台使言论自由获得一种新兴的传播方式与表达渠道,虚拟的共同体成为其特殊载体和存在空间,隐秘性、多向性、迅捷性等成为其明显突出的特点。言论自由在凭借网络实现便利表达之时,过激言论和舆论暴力等现象借助网络空间不断地滋生蔓延,故有必要对网络言论加以法律限制。我国目前的法律对其调控重事后惩治轻事前预防,可操作性较低,应当把言论自由权细化和融入到实体法之中,用更多的实施细则强化对言论自由的监管。     

马克思博士论文中的自由思想探析

马克思的博士论文为我们建构了一个自由的体系,是一篇自由的宣言。自由具有偶然性之维,只有打破必然性命运的束缚,人才能获得自由。自由的基本因素是人的自我意识,自我意识就是人的能动性之所在。马克思追求的自由是定在之中的自由,也就是现实性的自由。这种自由通过世界的哲学化和哲学的世界化来实现。     

迁徙自由权辨析

迁徙是动物趋利避害的一种本能,迁徙自由是人类维持生存与发展的一项基本人权。迁徙与"流动"、"迁移"等概念既有联系,也有区别,不应混同使用。迁徙自由可从两个层面去理解:一方面,迁徙自由是一种主观意志自由,其主体不受其他外力左右或主导;另一方面,迁徙自由本质上要求权利的同等对待。迁徙自由的特性,既说明了迁徙自由不同于人身自由,需要得到宪法的独立确认,又充分彰显了迁徙自由的价值与宗旨。     

Democratic Norms and Means of Communication: Public Sphere,Fourth Estate,Freedom of Communication

Abstract

This article assesses some major democratic norms commonly invoked in relation to means of communication or ‘media’, especially in the context of ‘media policy’. The paper argues that freedom of communication provides the most appropriate normative discourse in which to re-articulate the case for the European policy practice of ‘regulated pluralism’ outside Europe. Recent developments in Australia provide a brief case-study of this thesis.