300例冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者中医证型与血脂、血糖和心脏超声结果的关系

目的 探究冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者中医证型与血脂、血糖和心脏超声诊断结果等临床指标的关系,为中医辨证客观化提供临床证据。方法 共纳入300例冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者,观察并比较不同证型患者的血糖［空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose, FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2-hour postprandial blood glucose, 2hPG）、糖基化血红蛋白A1c（glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c）］、血脂［三酰甘油（triglyceride, TG）、总胆固醇（total cholesterol, TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C）］、血同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine, HCY）、血C-反应蛋白（C-reactive protein, CRP）及心脏超声诊断结果［（左室内径（left ventricular diameter, LVD）、左室射血分数（left ventricular ejection fraction, LVEF）］。结果 不同证型的冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者FPG、HbA1c比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;阳虚血瘀证患者TC、TG水平最高,而气虚痰阻证患者LDL-C最高;不同证型患者2hPG、HDL-C、CRP水平比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。气阴两虚证、气虚痰瘀证、阳虚血瘀证患者HCY、LVD水平依次递增,而LVEF依次递减。结论 不同证型冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者血糖、血脂和心脏超声结果等临床指标存在一定差异。     

901例社区2型糖尿病血瘀证的影响因素研究

目的 了解血瘀证在社区2型糖尿病患者中的分布及其相关影响因素。 方法 以社区901例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,采集其相关临床信息并进行中医辨证分析,采用单因素分析和Logistic回归分析考察血瘀证的影响因素。 结果 901例2型糖尿病患者中,单纯血瘀脉络证165例,阴虚热盛证、湿热困脾证、气阴两虚证、阴阳两虚证分别为137、135、334、130例,分别兼夹血瘀证55、57、200、101例,各证型兼夹血瘀证的比例明显不同（P<0.05）。单因素分析结果显示,年龄、病程、高血压并发症、收缩压、体质量、体型是血瘀证的影响因素,舒张压、血脂水平不是血瘀证的影响因素;二项分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、高血压并发症、收缩压是血瘀证的影响因素。 结论 血瘀证是社区2型糖尿病患者的主要证型,年龄越大,具有高血压并发症,收缩压较高者易于出现血瘀证,尚不能认为病程、体质量和体型是2型糖尿病血瘀证的影响因素。     

白竭散治疗肛周脓肿合并糖尿病术后创面22例

目的 观察白竭散治疗肛周脓肿合并糖尿病术后创面的疗效。方法 将44例肛周脓肿合并糖尿病的患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各22例。两组病例常规给予降糖和抗感染治疗,治疗组术后创面用白竭散换药,对照组予凡士林纱条换药。分别观察两组病例术后７、14 d创面疼痛程度、渗液情况、创面愈合率、成纤维细胞数量。结果 两组病例术后７ d创面疼痛程度、渗液情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,创面愈合率、成纤维细胞数量比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;术后14 d创面疼痛程度、渗液情况比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,创面愈合率、成纤维细胞数量比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 白竭散治疗肛周脓肿合并糖尿病的术后创面,早期能减轻疼痛、减少渗液,后期有促进创面愈合的作用。     

十三味玉泉丸治疗早期2型糖尿病疗效观察

目的 观察十三味玉泉丸治疗早期2型糖尿病的临床疗效。方法 将100例早期2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各50例,对照组采用二甲双胍缓释片联合阿卡波糖片口服降血糖,治疗组采用十三味玉泉丸口服降血糖,两组疗程均为3个月。比较两组治疗后空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2-h postprandial blood glucose,2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）、胰岛素分泌指数（homeostasis model assessment beta-cell function,HOMA-β）、胰岛素抵抗指数（homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR）、体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）、不良反应发生率。结果 与治疗前比较,两组患者治疗后FPG、2hPG、HOMA-IR、BMI降低,FINS、HOMA-β显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗组患者治疗前后HOMA-β、HOMA-IR差值显著大于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 十三味玉泉丸治疗早期2型糖尿病疗效确切,能很好地降血糖,改善胰岛β细胞功能,减少胰岛素抵抗,减轻体质量,且无明显不良反应。     

丹蛭降糖胶囊对2型糖尿病患者B细胞功能的影响

目的:观察纯中药制剂丹蛭降糖胶囊对2型糖尿病患者B细胞功能的影响,探讨中医药在治疗2型糖尿病及延缓其进程中的作用。方法:62例2型糖尿病患者随机分成两组,治疗组32例服用丹蛭降糖胶囊,对照组30例服用马来酸罗格列酮,疗程为2个月,以胰岛素敏感指数及Ho-ma模型公式评估各组B细胞功能。结果:两组中医证候积分及B细胞功能均有改善,且治疗组明显优于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:丹蛭降糖胶囊具有降低血糖,改善高胰岛素血症,提高2型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性,改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

Formal and informal governance networks: Diabetes care in Australia and India

The concept of networks has gained interest in public administration and management. They address concerns such as the coordination of multiple actors within the policy process. Networks take both formal and informal forms. As the integration of formal and informal networks in public service delivery is gaining traction, this paper uses the example of diabetes care in Australia and India to provide an analytical framework to examine one of the ways such integration of networks take place. Diabetes, a chronic long‐term disease, poses to be a global problem with a high rate of diagnosis with implications for public health expenditure. A multi‐disciplinary team, which comprises both formal and informal categories, is required to manage diabetes. This paper highlights the integration of networks in diabetes care in different institutional and cultural settings. For such form of integration of networks to work, collaboration among the various actors is important. Lessons learnt from diabetes care will be relevant for other long‐term chronic conditions to help reduce the human resource and financial burden. The analytical framework developed based on the example of diabetes care will provide useful lessons for examining the mechanics and dynamics of the integration between formal and informal networks in the field of public administration and management.     

How Useful is Basal Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Vacuolization as a Marker for Significant Hyperglycemia at Autopsy?

Basal vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells (so-called Armanni-Ebstein phenomenon) has been attributed to hyperglycemia causing accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen. Review of 34 autopsy cases with significant hyperglycemia (vitreous glucose ≥ 15 mmol/L/270 mg/dL) was undertaken to determine whether there was any significant association between the degree of hyperglycemia and the severity of this morphological change (graded as 0, 1+, 2+, and 3+). No association was demonstrated. Review of the subgroup of 14 cases with terminal hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis was then undertaken to assess the effect of hyperglycemia in isolation on renal tubular epithelial cells. Vitreous glucose levels in these 14 cases ranged from 17 to 49.7 mmol/L (306-894.6 mg/dL) with a mean of 26.25 mmol/L (472.5 mg/dL) and β-hydroxybutyrate levels ranged from 0.02 to 2.55 mmol/L (0.36-45.9 mg/dL) with a mean 0.79 mmol/L (14.22 mg/dL). Not one of the latter cases displayed basal vacuolization. No relationship between basal vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells at autopsy and terminal hyperglycemia could, therefore, be demonstrated.     

2型糖尿病合并原发性高血压证型分析

目的 观察2型糖尿病合并原发性高血压患者的中医证候分布和演变规律。方法 共收集318例2型糖尿病合并原发性高血压患者的病历资料,对患者的证型进行分析,并按病程分层对证候演变规律进行分析。结果 318例患者中,单纯虚证68例,占21.4%;单纯实证27例,占8.5%;虚实夹杂证223例,占70.1%。病程0～2年者可见以痰(湿)热互结为主的实证,病程2年以上者气阴两虚证最为多见,病程10年以上者多见脾肾阳虚证、阴阳两虚证。随着病程延长,血瘀证逐渐增多。结论 随着病程进展,2型糖尿病合并高血压的证型由热盛津伤、痰热互结逐渐向肝肾阴虚、气阴两虚、脾肾阳虚、阴阳两虚证转化,血瘀证、痰浊证是贯穿于整个病程的常见兼夹证。     

Renal Tubular Epithelial Vacuoles—A Marker for Both Hyperlipidemia and Ketoacidosis at Autopsy

Review of 15 cases of nephrotic syndrome found that eight had significant hyperlipidemia with serum cholesterol levels ranging between 10.59 and 18.60 mmol/L (mean 12.88) and serum triglyceride levels between 2.30 and 9.92 mmol/L (mean 4.58); all of these cases displayed basal lipid vacuolization. Seven of the 15 study cases had normal–mild hyperlipidemia with serum cholesterol levels ranging between 4.71 and 7.54 mmol/L (mean 6.02) and serum triglyceride levels between 0.65 and 4.1 mmol/L (mean 1.57). Six of the seven cases had basal lipid vacuoles (86%). Of these, five cases were hyperlipidemic and one case had borderline hyperlipidemia with a serum cholesterol level of 4.71 mmol/L. Although hyperlipidemia was associated with renal tubular epithelial vacuolization, the vacuoles appeared morphologically different to those found in ketoacidosis. This study has shown that while hyperlipidemia in isolation may result in basal lipid vacuolization within renal tubular epithelial cells, the phenotype differs from that observed in ketoacidosis.     

The Interplay Between Diabetes and Pancreatitis: Two Case Reports of Sudden,Natural Deaths and a Review of the Literature

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common disease involving insulin resistance or deficit that, when left unchecked, may cause severe hyperglycemia and subsequent end‐organ damage. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is inflammation of the pancreas that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. AP and DM both account for a significant amount of sudden deaths, and rarely both disease processes may be present in the same decedent, causing some difficulty in wording the cause of death statement. Although much research has been directed at studying the causes and risk factors for AP and DM, there is a complex interplay between these diseases that is not fully understood. This study presents two autopsy cases of sudden, natural deaths that illustrate this interplay, along with a review of the literature. An algorithm for differentiating AP and DM is then discussed in the context of the presented cases as a proposed aid for forensic pathologists in the certification of such deaths.