Immunological analysis of human placental lactogen in blood stains and its application to forensic science

Sex determination of blood stains from women who were in the late stages of pregnancy was possible by detecting human placental lactogen (HPL) in them. However, the agglutination time for positive reactions was prolonged as the stains aged.     

业主的建筑物区分所有权之评析（上）

建筑物依土地之承载得其成就,人类因建筑物之依归而创建文明。因此,建筑物之于人类发展,占非常重要地位。建筑物之所有权及利用权,更是物权法规则的核心之一。而建筑物区分所有权之渊源,由来久远,于古老之埃及、巴比伦及希腊之律法即有迹可寻。19世纪初,区分所有权的形式即已为各国地区之民事立法所采用,二次世界大战结束后,建筑物区分所有权制度,更发展为各国地区不动产所有权法律上之重要制度。我国为因应城市公有化、福利型住房制度转入商品化住房制度的社会客观性需求,暨顺应我国城市化进程的加速,并为取得多层或高层住宅之城市居民提供立体物权的规范依据,于《物权法》第六章专章规定了“业主的建筑物区分所有权”。但检视《物权法》关于建筑物区分所有权制度的规定,仍存有不足以规范区分所有权法律关系之处。为此,本文试图从建筑物区分所有权理论分析角度入手,检视《物权法》第六章的立法取向及其基本内容,并提出其存在的相关问题与解决对策,俾作为日后最高人民法院为司法解释或法院判决之参考依据。     

评公法与私法区别的必要及其根据

公私法区别的必要及其根据是公私法关系问题的出发点与立论基础。美浓部达吉认为公法与私法区别的必要性在于二者区分的"法律效果",根据在于实定的国家法能够区分为"本来的国家法"与"第二次的国家法";但是他的论证逻辑似乎有倒果为因的嫌疑。美浓部达吉批判了凯尔森否认公私法区别之必要性的观点,但是实际上他对凯尔森的解读与批判并未切中凯尔森观点的要害,因而是不太确当的。公私法之区别只是一种类型化的思考问题的方式,二者"有必要区分但是没有绝对的标准"。     

92式9毫米与勃朗宁9毫米手枪射击弹痕研究

QSZ92式9毫米手枪和勃朗宁9毫米手枪是发射同一种枪弹的两种枪支,文章通过实验观察这两种枪支射击弹头上的进膛痕迹、拔弹痕迹、坡膛痕迹和线膛痕迹的形态特征,统计分析了痕迹出现的位置和长度及宽度,对这两种枪支的射击弹头痕迹作了比较研究。     

Citizenship and choice

Citizenship: Rights, Community and Participation. By David Prior, John Stewart and Kieron Walsh. Pitman Publishing, 1995. Pp.194. £20.

Markets, Service and Choice. By Kieron Walsh and John Stewart. Belgrave Paper No.12. Local Government Management Board, 1995. Pp.24.

Public Services and Market Mechanisms. By Kieron Walsh. Macmillan, 1995. Pp.284. £40 hb, £12.99 pb.     

中国社会结构的转型及社会冲突之意义

冲突在任何时期的任何社会都存在。在开放的社会,冲突的表现形式更是多样化。中国的传统文化中的＂和谐＂、＂大同＂理念使人们长期以为冲突是社会中一个消极的现象。然而很多时候,冲突是彼此对立的各群体之间关系的润滑剂,冲突对社会的积极功能长期以来遭到忽视。当然,无序的冲突对社会的危害也是显而易见的。如何根据社会发展的现实,正视社会冲突并使得冲突在一个合理机制中运行,是当前一个不容忽视的问题。     

TOWARD THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HIGH‐CONFLICT FAMILIES: AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND CANADIAN CASE LAW

Social science research and the courts have begun to recognize the special challenges posed by “high‐conflict” separations for children and the justice system. The use of “high conflict” terminology by social science researchers and the courts has increased dramatically over the past decade. This is an important development, but the term is often used vaguely and to characterize very different types of cases. An analysis of Canadian case law reveals that some judges are starting to differentiate between various degrees and types of high conflict. Often this judicial differentiation is implicit and occurs without full articulation of the factors that are taken into account in applying different remedies. There is a need for the development of more refined, explicit analytical concepts for the identification and differentiation of various types of high conflict cases. Empirically driven social science research can assist mental health professionals, lawyers and the courts in better understanding these cases and providing the most appropriate interventions. As a tentative scheme for differentiating cases, we propose distinguishing between high conflict cases where there is: (1) poor communication; (2) domestic violence; and (3) alienation. Further, there must be a differentiation between cases where one parent is a primary instigator for the conflict or abuse, and those where both parents bear significant responsibility.     

一起通过利用Photoshop辨别印章真伪的检验

随着社会的迅猛发展,Photoshop等图像处理软件的运用普及程度越来越广泛。对基层公安机关而言,Photoshop功能的运用,不仅符合"科技强警"的要求,也为公安技术工作中解决文检的一些实际问题提供了新思路和新方法,特别是针对文检中印章印文检验,具有广泛的应用前景。     

An STR database on the Volga-Ural population

This work develops a reference STR database on the Volga-Ural population, Russia, comprised of 640 individuals that were sampled from eight ethnic groups (Finno-Ugric Mari, Mordva-Moksha, Mordva-Erzja, Komi-Permjak, and Udmurt, and Turkic-speaking Bashkir, Tatar-Mishary, and Chuvash) and typed with 10 autosomal STR markers: TH01, CSF1P0, FGA, vWA, D3S1358, TPOX, D16S539, D8S1179, D13S317, FES. The groups differentiate in allele frequencies, and therefore we computed θ-values between allele frequencies in each ethnic groups and those in the database as a measure of their differentiation. Nevertheless, the Volga-Ural ethnic groups form a relatively compact cluster that greatly deviate from the Romanic Moldovans and the Turkic Yakuts, taken for comparison, and are closer to the Slavic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians, although significantly differ from those as well.     

Developing STR databases on structured populations: The native South Siberian population versus the Russian population

Developing a forensic DNA database on a population that consists of local ethnic groups separated by physical and cultural barriers is questionable as it can be genetically subdivided. On the other side, small sizes of ethnic groups, especially in alpine regions where they are sub-structured further into small villages, prevent collecting a large sample from each ethnic group. For such situations, we suggest to obtain both a total population database on allele frequencies across ethnic groups and a list of θ-values between the groups and the total data. We have genotyped 558 individuals from the native population of South Siberia, consisting of nine ethnic groups, at 17 autosomal STR loci of the kit packages AmpFlSTR SGM Plus и AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus. The groups differentiate from each other with average θ-values of around 1.1%, and some reach up to three to four percent at certain loci. There exists between-village differentiation as well. Therefore, a database for the population of South Siberia is composed of data on allele frequencies in the pool of ethnic groups and data on θ-values that indicate variation in allele frequencies across the groups. Comparison to additional data on northeastern Asia (the Chukchi and Koryak) shows that differentiation in allele frequencies among small groups that are separated by large geographic distance can be even greater. In contrast, populations of Russians that live in large cities of the European part of Russia are homogeneous in allele frequencies, despite large geographic distance between them, and thus can be described by a database on allele frequencies alone, without any specific information on θ-values.