The Electoral Terrorist: Terror Groups and Democratic Participation

Why do some terrorist groups participate in the electoral process but not others? If elections provide some strategic or tactical benefit then we would expect other groups to emulate that strategy. However, we see variation in the adoption of an electoral strategy by terrorist groups. I argue that involvement in territorial disputes and group competition determine whether terrorist groups embrace an electoral strategy. Conflicts involving territorial disputes are more likely to see terrorist groups contest elections because electoral participation may aid in the creation of the independent or autonomous territory they desire. Increased group competition changes the number of actors, which impacts the level and distribution of resources (supporters, finance, and arms) involved in the conflict. When multiple terrorist groups compete, groups are motivated to participate in elections in response to new competitive pressures. This argument is tested using a large-n dataset of 89 terrorist groups in existence during the years 1968–2006 and a case study of Hamas's decision to contest elections.     

The EU's security and the sea: defining a maritime security strategy

Abstract

This article comprehensively discusses the maritime dimension of the European Union's (EU's) security, which encompasses military and civilian aspects, intergovernmental and community components as well as institutional and geopolitical elements. First, the article provides a narrative of the development of the maritime element in the EU's security policy since the adoption of the European Security Strategy in 2003. By depicting the interrelations between the sea and the EU's security, the article shows that the maritime dimension of EU security is generally well established, but often obscured by the complicated institutional structure of the Union. Thereafter, the article emphasises the need to define an effective EU Maritime Security Strategy, which would provide a strategic framework for the Union's security-related activities regarding the sea that encompass maritime power projection, as well as maritime security and safety. Accordingly the article provides some recommendations concerning the definition of such a strategy and for appropriate constituting elements: the maritime-related risks and threats, the maritime strategic objectives, the means to implement the strategy, and the theatres of EU maritime operations.     

论汉、越社交称谓语异同及交际策略

社交称谓语是社会交往中不可或缺的语言现象。不同的社交称谓语具有不同的社会功能。汉语和越南语都有着丰富且复杂的社交称谓语系统,汉语称谓语曾对越南语称谓语有着各种影响,但由于地理位置、民族文化、语言习惯等原因,这两种社交称谓语系统有着不同的发展方向和发展途径,因此,汉、越社交称谓语有着相似之处同时又存在不少差异。本文通过对汉、越社交称谓语进行分类对比,探究这两种社交称谓语的异同点及产生异同的原因,再根据它们的特征提出有效可行的交际策略。熟练掌握及正确使用社交称谓语有助于更好地进行跨文化交际。     

Issue Frame Ownership: The Partisan Roots of Campaign Rhetoric

Campaigns can shape vote choice decisions by effectively framing issues for voters. I examine how campaigns do this by studying the content of issues appeals in television advertisements from U.S. House and Senate candidates. The use of issue frames is partisan. The two parties develop their own distinct rhetorical strategies on particular issues, showing that each party owns particular issue frames. In addition, campaign messages are sensitive to the partisanship of voters. Campaigns are more likely to use conservative frames in Republican-leaning districts and liberal frames in Democratic-leaning districts. Models of campaign strategy should incorporate not just what issues are discussed, but also the rhetorical choices campaigns make to address these issues.     

Griffins or Chameleons? Hybridity as a Permanent and Inevitable Characteristic of the Third Sector

Abstract

The term “third sector” is increasingly used, but it is also increasingly difficult to define. It is characterized by fragmentation, fuzziness, and constant change. Furthermore, the bordering domains of community, market, and state are equally difficult to define and are becoming more blurred. One may have to accept that hybridity and change are permanent features of the organizations and arrangements involved. They could be classified not with reference to the structural characteristics of abstract domains but on the basis of how they cope with conditions of hybridity and change. The search for a valid empirical definition of the third sector, however modestly ambitious, must focus on the fringes of the domain where the “hard cases” can be found—the phenomena that are most difficult to identify and therefore most likely to reveal what is essential to the different domains.     

论邓小平国际战略思想的演变(1977—1982)

邓小平国际战略思想包括对战争威胁的判断和相应的外交战略。对苏联威胁的判断是邓小平国际战略思想变化的根本原因。邓小平对威胁的判断经历了继承、强化、减弱三个阶段,他主导的"一条线"战略也经历了实施、强化和终结的过程。     

人口较少民族人力资源开发的战略选择与现实路径

人口较少民族人力资源开发必须有明确的战略选择,包括战略定位、战略依据、战略重点和具体的战略对策。目前学术界对此研究不多且存在分歧,主要集中在人口较少民族人力资源开发是以经济目标为导向还是以文化目标为导向,以往的研究大都基于前者,而不同的目标导向带来的结果是不一样的。为此,强调以文化本位为基础的人力资源开发战略对人口较少民族而言更具本质意义和战略实施的可操作性。     

谈谈如何运用预审谋略突破案件

审讯是侦查人员依照法定程序为查明职务犯罪事实真相、获取犯罪嫌疑人及其他涉案人员供述或其他言词证据而采取的的一种侦查措施,也是实现侦查目的的重要手段。依法灵活采用审讯侦查措施,对于提高职务侦查能力、收集固定证据、侦破案件等具有十分重要的意义。     

发展低碳服务业的必要性与对策建议

低碳服务业是随着低碳经济的兴起而产生的,与国内外蓬勃发展的低碳经济实践相比,低碳服务业的概念依然处于初期讨论中。资源节约型、综合效益型与生态安全型是低碳服务业的特点。发展低碳服务业既是实现低碳经济目标的有效途径,更是促进社会经济可持续发展的必然选择。发展低碳服务业应健全规章制度,促进低碳服务业有序发展;加强载体建设,夯实低碳服务业发展基础;加强技术创新,推进传统服务业改造升级。