Deepening democracy through community dispute resolution: problems and prospects in South Africa and Chile

Post-apartheid South Africa and post-Pinochet Chile have taken significant steps to democratize justice. This article acknowledges conventional reforms of both countries’ criminal justice systems but focuses primarily on case studies of participatory and restorative initiatives that have attempted to expand the theory and practice of public safety practices in non-state settings. The experience of resolving interpersonal disputes in new democracies and what it means for the people who do it is examined. The research hypothesized that public participation in matters of justice and security can foster more active citizenship, a contribution to deepening democracy in countries in transition, as South Africa and Chile have been since the early 1990s. The experiences of the Community Peace Program and the Barrio Sin Violencia shed light on both the potential and the limitations of efforts to deepen democracy through community dispute resolution. They suggest that whether or not public participation in matters of justice and security fosters more active citizenship in democratizing countries depends on complex cultural and historical influences, including perspectives on sources of authority, institutional patterns of justice, and mutual trust.     

专家辅助人制度的问题与改革——基于我国侦查实践的研究

新《刑事诉讼法》设立的专家辅助人制度,将其适用范围限定在了庭审阶段。但根据我国目前的司法实践来看,刑事诉讼中的鉴定争议大都集中于初查或侦查阶段,因此部分侦查机关已将该制度应用于侦查阶段的鉴定程序中,并取得了较好的效果。由此看来,仅仅在庭审阶段建立专家辅助人,必然存在较多局限,而侦查阶段的鉴定程序建立专家辅助人制度势必具有必要性与可行性。因此,立法应根据诉讼实践,对目前的专家辅助人制度进行完善,以建立合理可行的侦查阶段专家辅助人制度。     

The Sino–Japanese territorial dispute and threat perception in power transition

A territorial dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands has gained a high profile in Sino–Japanese relations. Since the 2012 escalation of the territorial dispute, there is no sign of any de-escalation despite economic interdependence, which previously helped ease the tension. Drawing on the constructivist understanding of threat perception and power transition theory, this article analyzes the way in which the deepening of threat perceptions associated with a perceived regional power transition prevents Japan and China from working beyond their subjective conceptions of justice associated with boarders and history. Since 2012, the Sino–Japanese territorial dispute has increasingly fitted into a larger picture of power-political conflict taking place in a power transition in which both Japan and China aim to return to ‘normality’ by propagating their territorial claims, strengthening their military capabilities, and strategic realignment. To that end, this article first introduces a theoretical framework on the centrality of threat perceptions in power transition. Second, it traces the ways in which Japan and China have developed a threat perception of each other since 1972. The third section deals with the escalation of the Sino–Japanese territorial dispute since 2010 and highlights the deepening of mutual suspicion and threat perception exemplified at the bilateral and multilateral levels. I conclude that the Sino–Japanese territorial debate entered a new stage of normative and power-political competition in earning international support for territorial claims in the East China Sea.     

医疗纠纷处理的第三方力量分析

诸多原因导致目前医疗纠纷处理难度加大，本文主要从医疗纠纷解决涉及的第三方主体角度进行讨论，分析其对医疗纠纷处理的影响，希望对医疗纠纷解决有所裨益。     

医疗纠纷协商和解的利弊分析及对策

协商和解是解决医疗纠纷的重要方式,有明确的法律依据,但在实践当中也存在诸多弊端。要充分发挥协商和解的优势,消除其弊端关键在于依法办事,只有依法办事才能从根本上保障医患双方的合法权益。     

WTO争端解决机制的证明责任分配规则研究

GATT时期,专家组曾明确指出,＂援引例外的缔约方应对其满足例外所有条件承担证明责任＂,另外从一些专家组报告中还可以推断出＂申诉方对被诉方违反GATT的事实负证明责任＂。WTO成立后,＂申诉方承担被诉方违反WTO规则的证明责任＂以及＂被诉方对例外或者肯定性抗辩负证明责任＂成为专家组和上诉机构分配证明责任的一般规则。但是＂申诉方承担被诉方违反WTO规则的证明责任＂有可能被滥用,例外条款的辨别也存在难度。＂主张事实的一方应提供证明＂以及＂当事方应合作提供证据＂作为证明责任分配的特殊规则,可以在一定程度上解决上述一般规则的问题。     

金融凭证诈骗罪疑难问题探析

金融凭证指银行及银行类金融机构依法办理银行业务所使用的结算凭证;伪造、变造的金融凭证除形式要件虚假之外还包括有权制作人或无权制作人违法制作不实内容、形式要件真实的金融凭证。"使用"只指直接兑现金融凭证记载的财产权利,不包括用其质押、展示等间接使用。使用作废金融凭证或只是冒用他人真实有效的金融凭证诈骗不构成金融凭证诈骗罪。采盗窃、抢劫、抢夺等手段获真实有效金融凭证冒用取财以其手段行为定侵犯财产罪。内外勾结利用职务之便使用伪造、变造的金融凭证取财应以主犯人身份构成的罪名定性。     

群体性劳动争议解决机制研究

随着改革开放的不断深入和我国市场经济的快速发展,日益增多的集体劳动争议、群体性劳资纠纷使当下我国劳动纠纷案件成为了热点,主要表现在集体性讨要拖欠工资、双倍工资、经济补偿金以及要求补缴社保等领域,如果没有一个有效的解决机制控制问题的蔓延,则容易造成更大的集体性纠纷。当前,我国尚未建立起发达的社会诚信考察制度,加之法治监督环节的疏漏,致使本已繁多的集体劳动纠纷,变得涉案当事人众多、案情复杂多样、社会关注度高、涉及问题敏感。因此,尽快研究群体性劳动争议解决机制,十分必要。     

集体劳动争议的实证分析——基于全国31个省市区的数据

近年来,我国集体劳动争议案件明显上升,我国劳动关系正从"个别调整"向"集体调整"转变,探究集体劳动争议的预防与处理机制具有重要意义.我国近年来集体劳动争议状况显示,已实施职工合理化建议数以及建立劳动争议调解委员会数与集体劳动争议案件数量呈负相关关系.因此,在集体劳动争议处理中实行民主参与和重视调解机制有利于减少集体劳动...     

《劳动合同法》执行过程中疑难问题探讨

2008年以来,随着《劳动合同法》、《劳动争议调解仲裁法》的实施,特别是《劳动合同法实施条例》的颁布施行,虽然澄清了《劳动合同法》中的一些模糊问题,但是,围绕企业规章制度、双重劳动关系、经济补偿金和赔偿金的计算、追索加班费的举证责任和加班工资基数,以及社会保险争议等问题,人们的认识和仲裁、司法的审理和执行仍比较混乱。因此,有待于通过进一步学习劳动法律,在实践中对《劳动合同法》及《实施条例》执行过程中的某些疑难问题做进一步探讨。