论精神损害赔偿数额的确定

探讨精神损害赔偿数额确定的原则、思路和方法,建议对我国精神损害赔偿数额依以下标准确定:侵权行为一般,致人严重精神损害,未造成人身伤亡的,赔偿数额在500元至5万元人民币之间确定;侵权行为恶劣,致人严重精神损害,造成受害人精神障碍等疾病,影响其正常工作、劳动和生活的,赔偿数额在5万元至15万元人民币之间确定;侵权行为恶劣,致人严重又长久精神损害,造成受害人丧失大部分(含全部)劳动能力或死亡的,赔偿数额在15万元至30万元人民币之间确定,最高赔偿数额是50万元人民币。然后,以上述酌定赔偿数额乘以当地上一年度精神生活系数,在最高赔偿限额内计算出当地精神损害赔偿数额。     

比例责任在侵权法上的适用之检讨

传统的"全有全无原则"在处理新型侵权案件之时,难以平衡加害人和受害人的利益,比例责任作为"全有全无原则"的补充则能较好地平衡加害人和受害人的利益。比较法上,主要是在责任成立阶段,通过引入概率因果关系理论,结合损害的酌定,建构比例责任理论。我国侵权法上,比例责任还适用于责任范围的确定上,如多数人侵权"共同因果关系"案型,但是该层面的比例责任不宜扩展至单独侵权。两种类型的比例责任具有不同的教义学基础:前者的基础是《侵权责任法》的公平责任原则,其能在特殊案型中对因果关系和损害重新解释;后者的基础则是《侵权责任法》第12条。应当认识到比例责任有其适用范围和限度,其只能作为传统侵权的补充。产品侵权、医疗侵权、环境侵权和"共同因果关系"数人侵权是我国侵权法上典型的比例责任适用的案型,相关理论仍然需要进一步厘定。     

‘If a girl’s photo gets sent around,that’s a way bigger deal than if a guy’s photo gets sent around’: gender,sexting, and the teenage years

Youth, particularly female teens, are encouraged to self-monitor and be responsible for their actions online in order to avoid harm from cyberbullying, ‘sexting,’ and other forms of cyber-risk. Highlighting findings from 35 focus groups with Canadian teens regarding sexting, we show the continued saliency of a gendered double standard applied to the online distribution of nudes. Our sample of male and female teens (n = 115) from urban and rural regions, aged 13–19, underscores the relatively lower ‘stakes’ involved with sexting for male teens. We explore this trend with specific reference to the salience of hegemonic masculinities and the gendered aspects of public and private spaces, both online and offline. Public exposure of nudes has potentially serious stigmatizing consequences for youth. We highlight teen experiences sending and receiving images of male penises (‘dick pics’), which is an under-researched aspect of sexting. We show the relative ubiquity of receiving ‘dick pics’ among female teens, exploring various reactions, and male motivations for doing so from male and female standpoints. Policy implications are discussed with specific reference to school-based cyber-safety programs, which our participants indicate remain highly gendered, neglecting epistemological questions around male experiences and responsibility.     

论我国审前羁押制度的改革与完善

作为刑事诉讼中的一种保障性措施,羁押的适用必须严格依法进行,否则必将侵害被羁押人的人身权利.但是,我国目前的羁押制度极其不健全,导致实践中出现超期羁押等严重侵犯犯罪嫌疑人、被告人合法权益的现象.为消除非法羁押现象,当务之急就应当以联合国刑事司法准则为标准,借鉴其他国家的经验,改革和完善我国的羁押制度.     

赔偿外交:二战后日本重返东南亚市场的策略

经济外交在战后日本外交中占有重要地位.对东南亚的赔偿外交是战后日本经济外交的起步点.日本以战后赔偿为敲门砖,敲开了东南亚广大市场的大门,开辟了对东南亚扩大出口之路,使日本资本得以大规模重返东南亚.     

Remedies for Breach of Trust

The decision of the Supreme Court in AIB Group (UK) Plc v Mark Redler & Co confirms the approach taken by Lord Browne‐Wilkinson in Target Holdings Ltd v Redferns: where a trustee misapplies trust assets, a beneficiary is limited to a claim for equitable compensation for losses caused by the trustee's breach of duty. This seems to be a departure from traditional equitable doctrine, which held that the beneficiary could falsify the trustee's unauthorised disbursement and bring a claim for an ‘equitable debt’. This note considers the impact of the decision of the Supreme Court, and how the law regarding ‘equitable compensation’ might continue to develop.     

生态保护补偿制度的价值取向和立法选择

生态保护补偿制度从环境法学角度看,是通过制定合理、科学、可行的规则来激励人们的生态环境保护行为,协调其背后各方利益之间的关系,以实现保护生态环境、促进社会公平目的的制度。环境权与生存权、发展权都是人类同时追求的正当人权,但这些权利在现实中往往存在矛盾之处,有效解决环境权与生存权、发展权三者间的矛盾是生态保护补偿制度设立的根本动因,也是生态保护补偿制度在法理学意义上的价值归属。生态保护补偿制度的推进关键在立法,其立法可采取基本法与单行法并举的立法模式,尽快制定《生态保护补偿法》基本法和专门领域、专门类别的生态保护补偿单行法;立法内容上应明确生态保护补偿法律关系主体,确定生态保护补偿标准和方式,完善生态保护补偿的程序,规范生态保护补偿的监管。     

战后美菲关系中的战争损失赔偿问题探析

战争损失赔偿作为战后美菲关系中的一个重要问题,自提出之日起就受到菲律宾的重视并力求解决。对此,美国给予了回应并作出了赔偿,但不彻底,留下7300万美元未能支付。由于美国国内的党派纷争、政府关注重心的变化以及对菲律宾在接收赔偿后的经济状况和政府腐败的不满,使得对这一余额的赔偿历经十余年之久,直至肯尼迪时期才得以解决。它对美菲关系尤其是菲律宾的外交产生了深远的影响——开启了菲律宾对美菲关系的重新评估并形成客观认知的进程;加剧了菲律宾民族主义情感中的反美倾向;促进了菲律宾外交的“亚洲转向”。     

Preventing construction deaths: The role of public policies

Are stronger direct financial incentives or regulatory enforcement effective in reducing fatalities in the construction industry? We examine two important policies—state workers' compensation (WC) programs and federal and state Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) activities—which embody those strategies. We examine their impact by looking at state-level fatality rates in the construction industry from 1992 to 2016. Setting aside highway crashes and violence, the majority of employee deaths occur in construction. We find that states which exempt small firms from the requirement to buy WC insurance have higher fatality rates. When eligibility for compensation is restricted by longer waiting periods, fatality rates are substantially higher. More frequent federal or state OSHA inspections and, especially, consultation visits are associated with lower fatality rates, but higher average penalties are not. Limited variation in these policies over our sample period, especially for WC, makes these results suggestive rather than definitively causal.     

政治嵌入行政:乡村拆迁补偿安置政策的弹性运作

当前乡村拆迁补偿安置政策实施实效不彰,弹性执行现象多发。对此,学界有政策不完备论、街头官僚论、地方性知识论和府际关系论等几种解释,但都存在不足。在深度调研的基础上,从乡村拆迁补偿安置政策的运行实际出发,探究了实践中拆迁补偿安置政策的多种弹性运作表现及实施机制,揭示出基层政治运行中存在的治理逻辑、政绩逻辑。分析表明,压力型体制下的政治嵌入行政是导致乡村拆迁补偿安置政策执行出现目标替代及弹性运作的根本原因,并在一定程度上阻碍了乡村社会治理的法治化、规范化。