Muscle contraction during electro-muscular incapacitation: A comparison between square-wave pulses and the TASER(®) X26 Electronic control device

Abstract: Electronic control devices (including the Advanced TASER^® X26 model produced by TASER International) incapacitate individuals by causing muscle contractions. To provide information relevant to development of future potential devices, effects of monophasic square waves with different parameters were compared with those of the X26 electronic control device, using two animal models (frogs and swine). Pulse power, electrical pulse charge, pulse duration, and pulse repetition frequency affected muscle contraction. There was no difference in the charge required, between the square waveform and the X26 waveform, to cause approximately the same muscle‐contraction response (in terms of the strength‐duration curve). Thus, on the basis of these initial studies, the detailed shape of a waveform may not be important in terms of generating electro‐muscular incapacitation. More detailed studies, however, may be required to thoroughly test all potential waveforms to be considered for future use in ECDs.     

木马抗辩真伪研究

为了解决犯罪嫌疑人在被调查时,提出所涉及计算机犯罪行为为木马所为这一问题,本文以木马程序攻击为例,针对相关电子证据和计算机取证进行分析判断,以确定犯罪嫌疑人的罪行或证明其清白。     

Promoting Data Protection Standards through Contracts: The Case of the Data Security Council of India

Data protection has emerged as a major corporate and government concern worldwide. The focus is on secure handling of data so as to ensure privacy of customer data and security of corporate data. Privacy and security laws in countries are not harmonized; compliance regulations are different too. As the global hub of outsourcing, India is faced with a challenge of demonstrating compliance with varying compliance regulations in countries. The Data Security Council of India (DSCI) considers the Best Practices Approach as a practical and realistic way to enhance adherence to data security and privacy standards, and to enable a service provider to demonstrate compliance. Getting these standards recognized through contracts can promote data protection. An industry association can act as a third party self‐regulatory organization to promote these standards and enforce them among its members through certification or privacy seals, thereby helping implement data protection in international data flows.     

电子证据在刑事诉讼中的收集与认证

基于计算机和互联网的犯罪案件急剧增长,由此形成的电子证据给诉讼中的证明提出了挑战。刑诉法修正案将电子证据增加为一种证据种类,但是,电子证据的收集与认证与传统证据既有相同之处又存在着很多的不同。电子证据的保护、搜查扣押、实时收集与鉴证等是传统调查方式无法取代的,也不能完全使用传统方法进行。依靠电子证据定案既要追求客观真相、依靠科学的证明,又要遵循既定的程序性规则,从而对电子证据的证明能力和证明力进行判断。     

再评《鹿特丹规则》

在对《海牙规则》《海牙-维斯比规则》《汉堡规则》《鹿特丹规则》作简要比较的基础上,概括论述《鹿特丹规则》的五个特点：扩展了公约适用范围;规范了电子运输记录;明确了承运人交付货物的义务;处理了不可转让运输单证的货物交付问题;完善了诉讼时效相关规定。呼吁中国目前不要加入《鹿特丹规则》,主张吸取《鹿特丹规则》中切合实际的规定,对《海牙-维斯比规则》进行修改。     

单机游戏著作权人合法权益的保护

在司法实务中,计算机软件的著作权人往往采取公证的方式获取侵权证据,文章结合此类诉讼中侵权人的抗辩事由深入探究著作权人在维权活动,特别是办理公证取证过程中应注意的问题,以切实维护计算机软件著作权人的合法权益。     

网络犯罪中的电子证据若干问题研究

网络犯罪的不断涌现使电子证据的研究面临越来越多的挑战。电子证据的概念应该从广义上理解,并赋予其独立的法律地位。电子证据的收集主体、程序规则的运用以及人权保障,都是需要着重研究、探讨的问题。     

The polyamorous threat to nonmarriage

Some progressive U.S. Cities and several Canadian provinces now provide mechanisms for polyamorous families to register as such with state authorities. More than a million people in the United States identify as polyamorous and many more practice some form of ethical nonmonogamy. This article suggests that the growing recognition of polyamory poses a substantial threat to a simultaneous development in family law: the call by scholars and the Uniform Law Commission for courts to enforce a more implied contract, implied partnership and equitable claims in the context of non-marital conjugal cohabitation. Non-marital cohabitants argue that courts can infer marital-type commitments to share property from the fact of conjugal cohabitation. They argue that their nonmarriage should entitle them to the kinds of relief afforded to divorcing couples. But polyamorous conjugal cohabitation involves very different norms and commitments to reliance, partnership and transparency than does traditional marriage. Marital-type relief maps awkwardly, if at all, onto the reality of most polyamorous relationships. By bringing into relief that which we cannot necessarily assume about conjugal cohabitation, the recognition of polyamory questions what many proponents of more legal protection of nonmarital couples ask courts to assume about conjugal cohabitation, namely that it gives rise to reasonable reliance on a status quo and an intent to share property. Moreover, by providing a means for polyamorous households to register their relationships, polyamorous registration normalizes the idea of non-marital relationship registration. The more normal and expected it is for people who want rights as some form of family to register their familial intent with the state, the harder it is for those who have not so registered to argue that the state must treat them as some sort of family.     

Buy Today,Pay Tomorrow: Formal Credit Supply and Domestic Electrical and Electronic Goods Consumption in São Paulo's Urban Periphery

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, expansion of the formal credit supply in Brazil has promoted the ‘financial inclusion’ of the low-income population, especially through instalment plans offered by large retail chains. This article aims to analyse the impacts of formal credit availability on the consumption of electrical and electronic goods by residents of Jardim Helena, a neighbourhood in São Paulo's periphery. Through the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, this study reveals how the instalment plan can stimulate consumption among the low-income population, with a significant impact on household budgets, raising the risk of indebtedness.