Status of Mandibular Third Molar Development as Evidence in Legal Age Threshold Cases

The completion of the third molar roots has played an important role in ascertaining whether individuals may be at or over a legal threshold of age, often taken as 18 years. This study demonstrates that root apex completion in the third molar is relatively uninformative regarding the threshold of age 18 years in a sample of 1184 males, where mean age‐of‐attainment of root apex completion for third mandibular molars is about 19.4 years. This paper also considers the legal age threshold problem for cases where the third mandibular molar is not completely formed, and outlines the use of parametric models and Bayes’ factors to evaluate dental evidence in statistically appropriate ways. It attempts to resolve confusion over age‐within‐stage versus age‐of‐attainment, likelihood ratios versus other diagnostic tests, and prior odds for a case versus the prior density for an age distribution.     

Factors associated with desistance from violence in prison: an exploratory study

Desistance from crime has been of increasing interest within criminal justice literature, but desistance from offending behaviour whilst in custodial environments has not yet been investigated. Violence within prison establishments continues to be a significant problem; therefore, this study investigated the factors that are associated with desistance from custodial violence in 63 UK Category C adult male prisoners with a record of violence in prison. Participants completed measures of eight social and subjective factors associated with desistance in community samples. Those who had desisted from prison violence for 12 months or more showed greater levels of pro-social attitudes, agency and resilience than those who persisted in violence. Agency independently predicted desistance and this was particularly the case for younger offenders. Internal shifts appeared to be supported by a positive work environment. It is concluded that in custody an internal shift in perspective is especially important for desistance, and that this can be supported by the social environment. Opportunities to intervene may be greater in younger prisoners. It is recommended that current initiatives in developing agency and positive social interaction, such as Psychologically Informed Planned Environments, are further developed.     

留守女童教育问题研究综述

随着中国城市化进程和农村产业结构调整步伐的不断加快,我国涌现出了大批的农民工,由于受到城乡分割的二元社会结构和自身经济条件的限制,我国农村也相应地出现了大批留守儿童.由于农村重男轻女思想的盛行以及对于女性性别角色的刻板印象,我国留守女童的教育问题更为严重,她们的教育问题也引起了社会各界的关注.     

论警察内部公共关系的构建

警察公共关系的构建有利于实现公安机关"立警为公,执法为民"的宗旨与目的。在警察公共关系中,内部公共关系是其基础。当前警察内部公共关系工作有被忽视的倾向,且存在警力配置不合理;从优待警多停留在口头上;公安机关内部未建立起科学的考评、晋升、奖惩机制,公安民警的内驱力未得到充分调动等问题。为此,应当构建能高效、有序运行的公安机关组织系统,以打牢警察公共关系的基础。     

浅析摔跤运动员的营养需求及对策

运动员运动成绩的提高,有赖于"运动、营养、休息"三者之间的动态平衡。要想成为一名优秀的摔跤运动员,必须具备举重运动员的力量,技巧运动员的灵敏,长跑运动员的耐力和象棋运动员的天才战术思想,因此运动员对能源物质要求较高。根据摔跤运动项目的特点,通过查阅大量的文献资料,从运动员的生理特点以及对营养的需求等方面,对摔跤运动的营养需要、存在问题及对策进行了初步的分析和探讨。     

当前我省警务实战训练存在的主要问题及对策

当前,我省在开展警务实战训练中存在着实战观念缺乏、针对性训练不足、综合实战训练效果不明显以及工训矛盾和训练经费投入不足等问题。要解决这些问题,应从强化思想教育、进一步完善训练保障、重视教官队伍建设、进一步改进教学训练方法与内容和推行"战训合一、轮值轮训"的训练模式等几个方面入手加以解决,确保警务实战训练的正常开展,从而提高训练绩效。     

社会转型期农村留守儿童安全问题探析

农村留守儿童作为社会中的边缘群体,具有有别于其他青少年群体的特征,他们在成长过程中面临着诸多安全问题。近年来,农村留守儿童安全事故频发,这些隐患应引起社会各界及相关部门的广泛关注。社会、学校、家庭都有义务采取措施,确保农村留守儿童的安全。     

论农村基层民主建设中的几个辩证关系

新中国60年,农村基层民主建设获得了巨大的进步,但也还存在许多改进的空间,若要进一步解放农村的民主动力,必须以辩证的思维正视＂治＂与＂乱＂之争、＂进＂与＂退＂之思、＂政＂与＂民＂之辨、＂上＂与＂下＂之衡、＂刚＂与＂柔＂之合,从认识和实践上解决一系列难题。     

Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control

Research Summary

Focused deterrence strategies are increasingly being applied to prevent and control gang and group‐involved violence, overt drug markets, and individual repeat offenders. Our updated examination of the effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime followed the systematic review protocols and conventions of the Campbell Collaboration. Twenty‐four quasi‐experimental evaluations were identified in this systematic review. The results of our meta‐analysis demonstrate that focused deterrence strategies are associated with an overall statistically significant, moderate crime reduction effect. Nevertheless, program effect sizes varied by program type and were smaller for evaluations with more rigorous research designs.

Policy Implications

The available empirical evidence suggests these strategies generate noteworthy crime reduction impacts and should be part of a broader portfolio of crime reduction strategies available to policy makers and practitioners. Investments still need to be made, however, to strengthen the overall rigor of program evaluations and improve our understanding of key program activities associated with observed crime reduction impacts.     

我国《农业保险法》的立法构想

我国农业保险的法律规制现状与立法的预期利益凸显了《农业保险法》立法的必要性。《农业保险法》的基本原则为:政府适度干预、合理补贴、强制保险与自愿保险相结合。我国未来的《农业保险法》至少应包括三方面的内容:农业保险合同制度、农业保险经营管理制度和农业保险责任制度。