解决农民工就业问题着力点探析

当前二元劳动力市场在我国城市社会中仍普遍地存在,农民工还无法取得与城市居民完全同等的劳动力资格,公平就业仍是一种“理想状态”,其择业面受到很大影响。解决我国农民工就业要重视吸取世界上有关国家的成功经验,建立健全解决农民工就业的法律法规,把农民工就业问题上升到法律层次加以解决,这是解决问题的根本途径。     

日本禁止就业年龄歧视法律制度探析

为了解决中高龄者就业年龄歧视问题,日本建立了禁止就业年龄歧视法律制度。日本力图通过禁止就业年龄歧视的立法在确保高龄者安定雇佣和禁止在招录员工时设定年龄限制这两个方面有所作为。我国在禁止就业年龄歧视立法方面尚处于空白阶段,日本的相关经验带给我国诸多有益的启示。     

The choice of part-time employment in the United States and Canada, 1955–2000

Abstract

Part-time employment growth in the United States and Canada followed similar trends between 1955 and 1975, which then diverged when part-time employment (as a percent of total employment) stopped growing in the United States but continued to expand in Canada. This divergence in trend in the latter part of the twentieth century is not adequately explained by labor supply demographics, labor demand factors, or union effects. To the contrary, differences in public policy played a pivotal role in allowing Canadian workers to continue to view the choice of shorter hours as attractive, while US workers faced higher costs when choosing part-time employment.     

起点公平的统计测度与监测预警研究

文章界定了起点公平的内涵,设计了起点公平的评价指标,提出了起点公平的测度方法,构建了起点公平的预警机制。基于1985-2017年31个省份的面板数据,对我国起点公平进行统计测度和监测预警分析。研究结果表明：(1)我国(以及东部、中部与西部三大地区)起点公平度总体上处于比较公平状态,呈现上升趋势,其中就业公平度、公共自然资源公平度与公共基础设施公平度依次处于比较不公平、相对公平和比较公平状态,教育公平度与公共医疗卫生公平度处于非常公平状态;(2)现阶段与未来几年我国及三大地区起点公平度(教育公平度、就业公平度、公共医疗卫生公平度、公共基础设施公平度与公共自然资源公平度)总体上均处于无警状态。这一研究结论提供了重要的政策启示。     

论“和”文化语境下的国际法治建设

国际秩序建立在国际法律制度基础之上,新格局之下的国际政治经济秩序需要相应的良法善治。以西方宗教文化为精神内核的当代国际法,面对人类当下存在的公共问题,已经难以做出有效应对。构建人类命运共同体之理念正是充分吸取了中国传统“和”文化的有益成分,对现存国际法治基础理论给予了补充和创新,对人类未来国际法治建设给予指导,因为“和”文化完全不同于西方“利”文化,更有助于实现不同文化、文明的和解和共荣。     

The working men's party revisited

ABSTRACT

With the implementation of the activation approach, formulated by the American political scientist Lawrence Mead and the British sociologist Anthony Giddens, the labor market policy has been reformed in Germany and many other industrialized countries, since the mid-1990s. A fundamental component of the realignment is that welfare payments are tied more strictly than previously to the acceptance of employment. While in the U.S.A., the new labor market policy is characterized by the ‘workfare’ motto, in Germany, the foundations of the activation are formulated with the guiding principle ‘support and demand’. Nevertheless, due to the shortage of public funds subsidies were cut sharply in recession phases but not increased adequately during the periods of economic recovery. As a result, the promotional elements of the activation concept are far outweighed by enforcement measures, leaving the unemployed to accept less attractive non-standard work. However, even with favorable economic conditions, even a relatively small number of atypical employees successfully made the transition to regular full-time employment. Therefore, in order to facilitate career advancement additional support would be required, which will not end with the recruitment.     

Which Way to U.S. Climate Cooperation? Issue Linkage versus a U.S.‐Based Agreement

Several scholars have suggested that the United States can be compelled to reengage in the Kyoto process by linking cooperation on climate change to cooperation on trade or technology research and development. We argue that such issue linkage would likely fail and suggest that a more promising road to U.S. cooperation is to develop an alternative climate agreement based on federal U.S. climate policy. However, the question then becomes whether the Kyoto countries might be prepared to abandon the Kyoto process in favor of such a U.S.‐based agreement. We argue that if a U.S.‐based agreement were to be built on President Bush's current climate policy, the Kyoto countries (especially the European Union) would likely be reluctant to go along. However, if a U.S.‐based agreement were to be built on the many Kyoto‐like initiatives now emerging at state and local levels, the Kyoto countries might well be more favorably inclined.     

Promotion of Gender Equality at the Workplace: Gender Mainstreaming and Collective Bargaining in Italy

The article examines gender equality in collective bargaining and looks at the extent to which gender and equal opportunities issues have been mainstreamed in industrial relations systems in Italy where, despite the existence of old and new legislation on gender equality, there are persistently low levels of female employment and the precarious workforce is made up predominantly of women. The central question addressed in the article is whether the injection of a gender mainstreaming approach in the Italian collective bargaining system, combined with legislative measures, may improve the situation of women in the context of both public and private spheres. In particular, the article looks at whether gender mainstreaming has the potential to pave the way towards an ethos of substantive equality at the workplace, whereby women enter the workforce on equal terms and men are in a position to share the dual responsibilities of paid and unpaid work. The article maintains that gender mainstreaming may fulfil its transformative potential as a catalyst for changing both the conceptual and analytical tools which the law deploys, provided it is envisaged as a three-fold strategy involving simultaneous processes of deconstruction, replacement and inclusive measures, together with deliberative forms of democracy and the imposition of a statutory positive duty on public authorities to mainstream equality.

高校毕业生就业结构性失衡及应对

近年来,结构性失衡已成为高校毕业生就业的主要矛盾,突出表现在市场供需不匹配、区域结构性矛盾、公共就业服务供需矛盾、性别差异等方面.其根源主要在于产业转型升级创造高端岗位的速度远低于高校毕业生的增速,区域性发展不平衡,以及专业设置的刚性和传统思想根深蒂固等.研究认为,可以采取协同推进产业转型、建立市场导向的专业设置机制、...     

论消除农民工就业歧视的国家担当

中国农民工就业歧视是一种制度性歧视,消除农民工就业歧视是国家的国际法义务。解决农民工问题需要多管齐下,但国家担当起自己的责任将是最重要的。因为无论是制定政策框架,还是建立和完善法律制度;无论是对农民工搭建公共就业服务的平台,还是营造平等对待农民工的社会环境,都离不开政府。农民工问题的严重性和复杂性,要求国家出面加以统筹研究解决。因此,反农民工就业歧视,国家仍要发挥主导作用。