试析两代独生子女的个性心理特征及青少年暴力犯罪——兼论第二代独生子女的暴力犯罪预防

通过两代独生子女的个性心理特征及其形成背景的分析,力求从心理学以及犯罪心理学视角,探索第二代独生子女暴力犯罪的主客观原因,为今后青少年暴力犯罪的预防提出相应的对策与建议。     

‘Just Thinking:’ Attitude Development,Public Opinion,and Political Representation

The role of public opinion polls in electoral democracy is undeniable because, for good or for bad, they affect, in part, the kinds of laws and policies elected officials enact. But the voices measured in polls are not perfectly representative of their populations of interest. More precisely, polls generally sing with a more “knowledgeable” accent than those they represent because of the greater tendency of the less knowledgeable to remain silent. This distortion, however, can be palliated by providing conditions more propitious to attitude development. By relying on survey-experiments conducted in Brazil and in the U.S., I present evidence that inducing people to think more carefully before answering attitude questions reduces substantially the likelihood of the less knowledgeable, which compose most of the Brazilian and American populations, to express a nonopinion response. Thus providing people with greater opportunity to think about politics—something most of them do not do very frequently—makes for more representative measures of public opinion. But the analyses also suggest that increased thought induces greater uncertainty or ambivalence among the most knowledgeable. As a whole, this paper improves our understanding on how people come to develop political attitudes and on the conditions that lead to greater attitude uncertainty or ambivalence. It also carries important lessons and implications for survey design more generally.

How Scandalous <Emphasis Type="Italic">Is</Emphasis> Knowledge of Evolutionary Psychology?

Biological science is deepening our understanding of life at a brisk rate, but interdisciplinary discourse is not keeping pace. This essay offers an account of themes from evolutionary biology that can enrich appreciation of the complexities of human behavior. Because this topic touches fields with different and more traditional perspectives, frictions and misunderstandings exist, and I have employed examples from a single source in order to clarify the science. In her critique of evolutionary psychology published in her book Scandalous Knowledge, the social theorist Barbara Herrnstein Smith has set forth views that are not in harmony with either evolutionary biology or cognitive neuroscience. She asserts that specialized features of mental processing postulated by evolutionary psychologists are without empirical justification; further, she dismisses the concept as embracing “non-physical mental organs.” There exist, however, numerous examples of how brains process information in specific, functional ways, frequently characteristic of the species. Furthermore, the charge of “non-physical mental organs” is not only wrong; it reveals a failure to recognize that biology has two complementary modes of explanation. One is historical and addresses cause in terms of the historical course of evolution and the process of natural selection. The other is proximate and includes many levels of analysis from molecular to social. Because brains have evolutionary histories, the ‘function’ of a particular aspect of mental processing can have a hypothetical explanation in terms of adaptive advantage that is independent of any knowledge of the underlying neural circuitry. A computational model of the brain and representational processing of sensory information, however, are both compatible with observed properties of neurons in the retina and visual cortex as well as with evolutionary processes. Finally, study of the mental processes of non-human primates provides insight into the evolution of our own minds.

Not again! Public perception,regulation, and nanotechnology

It is often argued that immediate government action regarding nanotechnology is needed to ensure that public opinion does not mistakenly view nanotechnology as dangerous, to restore public trust in government, and to increase the legitimacy of government action through increased public participation. This article questions whether governments can achieve these goals. As the world lurches toward regulation of nanotechnology, we should ask Why the rush? Can anticipatory action, perceived as the government doing something, fulfill the competing hopes to “restore trust,”“pave the way” for nanotechnology, “increase awareness,” and “satisfy democratic notions of accountability”? Or is government action more likely to increase existing divisions over nanotechnology's future?     

农民平等就业权在《就业促进法》中的缺陷与完善

平等就业权是指劳动者依法享有平等就业机会及其排除各种就业歧视的权利,它既是生存权的延伸和具体化,也是劳动权体系的起点和基础。对农民平等就业权进行立法保护,既有可靠的宪法依据和坚实的理论基础,也有十分重要的现实意义。尽管我国《就业促进法》首次规定了农民平等就业权,但它在具体保护方面仍然存在诸多缺陷,促进就业的有关规定没有涵盖农村劳动者;反就业歧视的规定缺漏较多、可操作性差;法律责任的规定不完备、不匹配。为了有效保护农民平等就业权,必须全面贯彻城乡平等就业制度,进一步完善反就业歧视制度和法律责任制度。     

论绑架犯罪心理缺陷

本文从绑架犯罪行为人的理想、需要、欲望、信念、心态、性格和意识等方面入手,对我国当前绑架犯罪行为人的心理缺陷问题进行了研究,力求促进绑架犯罪的预防、控制、侦讯、矫治等工作。     

文化与心理学的相互作用关系探析

在心理学的发展历史上,文化与心理学的关系问题是心理学领域中始终存在的一个重要问题.心理过程影响文化,文化影响心理过程.个体的思想与行为随着它们在时间中的展现影响文化的形成与发展,形成与发展的文化规范与习俗等反过来又影响个体将来的思想与行为.在进化过程、认知需要、人际交流、注意、知觉、思维、归因、人格建构、对所在社会环境的态度等方面的大量研究,都支持了这些结论.     

论心理学中的“隐喻”

心理学科学化以来,精致性、确定性和中立性的科技理性和逻辑思维一直拥有着绝对的话语权,剥夺、放逐了心理学语言中另一种权力--隐喻权力.在心理科学领域,隐喻的存在总有它的道理.它既是一种语言现象,也是一种文化现象,而作为一种思维方式,它是对逻辑演绎和科技理性的一种超越,对事物另外视角的深层次理解和求索.其创造、代替、表达及模式等作用,越来越以一种丰富性、内隐性及不可穷尽性等特征,使心理学流溢出民族文化品性.     

合资企业股权确认／变更争议为民事案件非行政案件——评最高人民法院（2002）民四终字第14号民事裁定书

中外合资/作经营企业股权确认及/或变更争议案件为平等主体之间的民商事案件,可以通过仲裁或民事诉讼得以解决.对此,人民法院不应裁定通过行政复议或者行政诉讼予以解决.行政机关不予审批的不作为行为以及当事人的意思自治是提起行政许可诉讼的两个基本要件.当事人对行政机关的正常行政许可行为不服不构成行政诉讼的标的,但构成行政复议的内容.当事人通过虚假或欺骗行为获得的行政许可,如本案的股权变更等,依法可通过向行政部门申请撤销得到补救.当事人只有在行政机关不作为不予撤销以欺骗行为获得的行政许可/审批时才应提起行政诉讼.     

公安院校犯罪心理学教学改革刍议

犯罪心理学在公安院校课程设置中一直处于重要的专业基础课地位,但长期以来一直没有较大的进步和发展,并存在着教学方法与对象目标不相适应、教学内容与公安实践结合不紧密等现象。公安院校犯罪心理学科教学应在精练理论知识的同时,建构有利于培养学生分析问题和解决问题能力的教材体系,加强经典案例教学,尝试研究性学习教学方法,加大犯罪心理学科实践能力培养力度,以此促进犯罪心理学教学改革。