Gender/Racial Differences in Jock Identity,Dating, and Adolescent Sexual Risk

Despite recent declines in overall sexual activity, sexual risk-taking remains a substantial danger to US youth. Existing research points to athletic participation as a promising venue for reducing these risks. Linear regressions and multiple analyses of covariance were performed on a longitudinal sample of nearly 600 Western New York adolescents in order to examine gender- and race-specific relationships between jock identity and adolescent sexual risk-taking, including age of sexual onset, past-year and lifetime frequency of sexual intercourse, and number of sexual partners. After controlling for age, race, socioeconomic status, and family cohesion, male jocks reported more frequent dating than nonjocks but female jocks did not. For both genders, athletic activity was associated with lower levels of sexual risk-taking; however, jock identity was associated with higher levels of sexual risk-taking, particularly among African American adolescents. Future research should distinguish between subjective and objective dimensions of athletic involvement as factors in adolescent sexual risk.Research Scientist at the Research Institute on Addictions of the University at Buffalo. Received PhD in sociology from the University at Buffalo. Research interests include adolescent athletic involvement, gender, race, and health-risk behavior, particularly substance use.Department Chair and Professor of Sociology at the University at Buffalo. Received PhD in sociology from Yale University. Research interests include the effects of families, friendships, and organizational participation on adolescent development and substance use.Senior Research Scientist at the Research Institute on Addictions of the University at Buffalo. Received PhD in sociology from the University at Buffalo. Research interests include family influences on adolescent substance use, gambling, and other problem behaviors.Professor of Physical Education and Sport at SUNY College at Brockport. Received PhD in physical education from Ohio State University. Research interests include the sociology of sport, social psychology of sport, sport group dynamics, and sport spectatorship/fandom.Professor of Sociology at DYouville College. Received PhD in sociology from the University at Buffalo. Research interests include the sociology of sport, gender, and mens health.     

高校被诉引起的行政法思考

传统的社会组织划分方法已不能涵盖高校在当前的独特作用和行为性质。文章从现状的不尽如人意处着手,引入“第三部门”、“公务法人”等概念分析了高校独特的法律性质、地位,并建议建立教育行政救济制度,填补教育行政领域行政法治的空白。     

失范鉴定人将面临的三份监管“黑名单”

鉴定意见是重要的诉讼证据,是法官发现事实真相的得力助手,但失范鉴定意见则起着相反的作用。近期全国人大常委会、最高人民法院、国家市场监督管理总局分别发文,对鉴定主体展开信用管理,对于存在失信失范行为的鉴定主体,纳入黑名单进行管理,需引起鉴定机构和鉴定人的重视。     

宪法中的战争权

人民主权理论决定了战争决定权应由议会行使。战争宣布权一般属于国家元首。战争指挥权由最高行政长官掌握,是军事统帅权而不是军事统率权。战争执行权主要属于政府及其有关部门。最高军令权和军政权属于总统或首相;此外的军令权属于军官,军政权属于文官,在许多国家二者统属于国防部。在战争的决定权、宣布权、指挥权和执行权中,战争的决定权和指挥权（以及彼此的关系）是最重要的,也是宪法重点规范的对象。     

内地藏族初中生学业求助的特点及相关因素研究

用问卷调查法对江苏省常州市西藏民族中学240名初中生学业求助的特点及其相关因素进行研究。结果表明:内地藏族初中生学业求助水平较低;在工具性求助上存在显著的性别差异,男生得分明显低于女生;而在执行性求助和回避求助上不存在显著的性别差异;在三种求助方式上均存在极其显著的年级差异;成就动机、成就目标取向、学业价值怀疑与学业求助行为有显著关系;自我效能低的学生不愿意求助或选择执行性求助,支持脆弱假说。     

试述光复初期台鸽粮荒及政府之对策

光复后不久，台湾即遭遇粮荒，主要表现为粮价高昂。粮荒源于日据时期的粮食短缺，主要原因是战争破坏了台湾农业生产的条件。台湾粮食匮乏程度不如大陆严重，但价格高涨，对习于配给而又极少经历粮荒的台湾民众来说，形成巨大的心理震撼和生活压力。台湾省行政长官公署先是沿用日据时期的食粮配给制度，后放弃配给制度，允许粮食自由流通，但采取各种措施加以控制。与此同时，政府积极洽购粮食和肥料，试图增加粮产缓解粮荒。长官公署的种种措施有利于缓解粮荒。     

Observing protest: media use and student involvement on 7 April 2010 in Bishkek,Kyrgyzstan

Individuals in and around protests are generally classified as either participants or nonparticipants. However, observers witnessing protests can also play an important role in collective actions by sharing their experiences. This paper explores the characteristics of observers during the 7 April 2010 demonstrations in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. Based on data collected via a survey of university students, I demonstrate that protest observers differed from nonparticipants on a range of variables. A key factor differentiating student observers from nonparticipants was their online activity prior to the protests. Logistic regressions show that students with higher rates of online activity were significantly and substantially more likely to be protest observers than nonparticipants. These findings provide empirical evidence for categorizing observation as a distinct level of protest involvement, shed light on the demonstration in Bishkek on 7 April 2010, and suggest that examining online activity can contribute to a better understanding of protest involvement levels.     

Electoral Incentives and Individual Parliament Members’ Rights

Cameral procedures define the modus operandi of a parliament. This article examines how the electoral environment affects parliaments’ rules of procedures and legislators’ rights. It argues that when the electoral environment motivates legislators to act individualistically governments are incentivised to restrict cameral procedures to curtail legislators’ behaviour. Materialising such incentives depends on the government’s ability to pass restrictive procedural changes. To test the assertion, four decades (1967–2007) of amendments to the Israeli Knesset’s rules of procedure were examined and support provided for co-variation of the electoral environment and restrictive Knesset’s procedures. The analysis then details the factors that enabled Israeli governments to pass such restrictive measures. Indeed, governments seem to use the rules of procedure strategically in their attempt to improve their control and curtail legislators’ behaviour.     

从传统到现代：性法律理念的更新与调整方式的转换

在传统的农业经济社会，性更多地表现为义务、责任和特权，很难形成系统的性权利观念与实践，与此相应，性法律必然以义务为本位。在现代的市场经济社会，物质生活水平的提高促进了人的性需求量的增加，生产和生活方式的更新改变了性行为的个体模式，科学技术的发展拓展了性行为的自主空间。在这样的社会条件下，民众的性权利意识开始崛起和成熟，与此相应性法律应该以权利为本位。面对这样的社会变迁，中国当代的性法律必须实现立法理念的更新与调整方式的转换     

如何正确掌握击发要领

在手枪基础射击训练中,射手经常出现空枪预习时动作正确,但实弹射击却打不上靶的现象,主要是因为没能在实弹射击中很好的把握击发动作。本文主要论述手枪基础射击中的击发动作,即正确的击发动作要领、击发时机的把握、击发瞬间的动静关系、在击发过程中通过自我暗示方法保持击发动作不变形。