“诉累”的法经济学分析

“诉累”是司法界经常使用的一个术语。从法经济学的角度看“诉累”的产生原因在于普法力度不够、司法权力寻租、低下的司法效率、委托代理、较高的诉讼成本、行政机关对司法活动的干涉、较低的司法素质。诉累导致“租的耗散”、激化社会矛盾,导致司法公信的丧失和“理性”的违约行为。应加强普法活动、切实保证司法独立、全面提高司法人员的素质,健全法律援助制度、确立权力与责任相统一的原则。     

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory

Abstract

Although the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) is widely used to assess burnout in human service workers, doubt has been cast on the usefulness of the conceptualization on which it is based and the independence of its subscales. A confirmatory factor analysis using the methodology employed in a previous study of child welfare workers revealed that the final model had only a minimally adequate fit and the constructs of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were not separate and unique. The findings suggest that research in child welfare settings should avoid continued reliance on the MBI for the assessment of burnout. Scales that are balanced in terms of positive and negative items and where each dimension represents a distinct construct need to be developed.     

对专利药品平行进口发展问题的思考

在20世纪后期经济全球化的进程中,传染性疾病以史无前例的速度在全球蔓延,经济全球化所产生的全球整体利益使得知识产权私人权利范围的扩张日益与人权、尤其是健康权发生冲突。专利药品的国际保护标准不同使得诸多发达国家追求垄断价格的同时阻碍了公共健康权的发展,逐渐打破了全球知识产权制度的平衡。鉴于专利药品平行进口原则具有防止专利权人形成市场独占的制约性,诸多发展中国家将其作为和发达国家谈判的手段以降低专利药品的国内市场价格,但是,我国专利药品平行进口的立法尚属稀缺,当务之急是应当在避免专利药品返销而限制平行进口种类的同时,强化专利平行进口原则的震慑作用与可操作性。