论审查起诉中的补充侦查

补充侦查体现了诉讼程序往复的可能性,如果处理不当将破坏诉讼的终局性和程序的公正性。从对新刑事诉讼法对补充侦查制度改革的法条解读看,在部分事实不清的情况下,并不一定要进行补充侦查;在案件不符合起诉条件时,应及时中止包括补充侦查在内的诉讼程序。对由补充侦查制度凸显出的侦控关系,有必要适当提升公诉机关的地位,加强公诉机关对侦查活动的监督与制约。     

When Will a Victim Be Secondarily Victimized? The Effect of Observer's Belief in a Just World,Victim's Innocence and Persistence of Suffering

According to the belief in a just world (BJW) theory, the most threatening victim for the observers' BJW is the innocent victim whose suffering persists. Consequently the innocent victim whose suffering persists should be more secondarily victimized by high-BJW participants than by low-BJW participants. However, research has never systematically tested this basic prediction of the theory. In these two studies we tried to determine the impact of the observer's BJW, the victim's innocence, and the persistence of the victim's suffering on secondary victimization. In study 1, an interaction between BJW and victim's innocence was found on the attractiveness of the victim. In study 2, an interaction between BJW, victim's innocence, and persistence of suffering was found on the derogation of the victim.     

The role of procedural and distributive justice in organizational behavior

To investigate the relationship between fairness and organizational outcomes, the present study examined the survey responses of government employees at six Federal installations. Indices of procedural and distributive fairness were factor-analytically derived. Multiple regression analyses indicated that both the procedural measures and the distributive measures were significantly related to measures of job satisfaction, evaluation of supervisor, conflict/harmony, trust in management, and turnover intention. Procedural fairness accounted for significantly more variance than distributive fairness in each of these criterion measures, except for turnover intention. These findings are related to conceptual and methodological issues concerning procedural fairness and organizational behavior.     

Culture,values, and beliefs about economic justice

We examine the relationship between values and beliefs about economic justice by conducting a cross-cultural analysis. Social values of Americans and West Germans are compared and the relationships between values and beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of business profits are examined. Data are from the 1984 General Social Survey and its West German counterpart, the 1984 ALLBUS; both surveys contain identical value and economic justice items. We find that among citizens in both countries beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of business profits are related to values even when income and education are held constant, but the relationship is stronger in West Germany. For Americans, beliefs about the fairness of the distribution of business profits are related primarily to conservative values (beliefs that greater efforts lead to greater rewards). In addition, the positive influence of conservative values and of income level on fairness judgments is greater for Americans with higher levels of education. For West Germans, beliefs about the fairness of business profits are related both to conservative and to liberal values (beliefs that class divisions persist). In general, economic fairness judgments of West Germans have a strong ideological basis, but polarization associated with differing ideologies is found. Economic fairness judgments of Americans showed both a simpler ideological basis and some relationship to self-interest. The influence of both factors on Americans' fairness judgments seemed to be affected by socialization due to education. Results are discussed in terms of the prevailing economic ideologies in both countries.     

Equity,health, and health care

Equity goals, such as equal treatment for equal need or equality of access, commonly take pride of place among the aims of health policy. But do these conceptions, or others derived from more fundamental philosophical systems such as those of the utilitarians or John Rawls, successfully capture the way in which the term equity is generally used? If not, is it possible to find some interpretation that can command a greater consensus? This paper answers no to the first question and yes to the second. It is argued that the standard conceptions of equity ignore the processes by which health states are determined and hence the extent to which they arise from factors beyond individual control. An alternative conception is proposed that directly incorporates these considerations.     

宽严相济刑事政策时代精神解读

宽严相济政策是基于历史的承接、现实的反思和时代的发展这一动态过程,在和谐社会语境下提出的指导运用刑罚方法与犯罪作斗争的基本刑事政策。对这一政策所蕴涵的时代精神做正确解读,必须立足于其提出的现实政治根据,并据此厘清该政策与惩办与宽大相结合及"严打"政策关系的基础上,才能深刻领会其指导价值,正确把握其基本导向。对这一政策所蕴涵的时代精神的理性解读,不仅有助于在当下的司法实践中提高贯彻的自觉性和执行力,而且也有助于明确中国刑事法治今后应当努力的方向。     

恢复性正义:当代刑事政策的新理念

整个刑事政策的历史以及现代各国刑事政策的主流,都是以报应性正义为指导的,而现代各国犯罪率特别是再犯率居高不下,使人不能不对报应性正义指导下的刑事政策产生怀疑,在此背景下,人们开始将目光投向一种新的正义目标:恢复性正义,并以各种方式去实践。     

MENTAL HEALTH AND JUVENILE ARRESTS: CRIMINALITY,CRIMINALIZATION, OR COMPASSION?*

Juveniles in secure confinement allegedly suffer from more mental health problems than their peers. This may reflect background and behavioral characteristics commonly found in clients of both mental health and juvenile justice systems. Another explanation is that mental disorders increase the risk of arrest. These interpretations were tested on a sample of Pittsburgh boys (n = 736). Findings indicate that arrested youth exhibit more attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) problems, oppositional defiant (OD) problems, and nondelinquent externalizing symptoms prior to their first arrests compared to their never‐arrested peers. However, arrested and nonarrested youth score similarly on prior affective and anxiety problems and internalizing symptoms. Net of delinquency, substance use, and other selection factors, internalizing problems lower the risk of subsequent arrest, whereas OD problems and nondelinquent externalizing symptoms increase it. ADH problems have no effect on arrest net of delinquency and substance use. These findings lend only partial support to the criminalization hypothesis. Whereas some mental health symptoms increase the risk of arrest, others elicit more cautious or compassionate official responses.     

论我国刑事缺席审判制度的构建——以《联合国反腐败公约》资产追回机制为切入点

刑事缺席审判制度,在表面上有违直接辩护和参与原则,有侵犯被告人诉讼权益之嫌.但依据《公约》规定的精神,针对腐败案件而设立的刑事缺席审判制度,其关注的重点并非如何将被告人绳之以法,而是如何快速有效地追回腐败犯罪所涉及到的资产,它将被告人的诉讼参与权与被害人的财产赔偿权放在一个天平上衡量,这不同于传统司法理念那样将国家的追诉权与被告人的诉讼权对立.故只要按科学的制度实施,就同样可以做到打击犯罪与守护正义的平衡.     

Equality,fairness, and social conflict

There are three generic problems that arise in the use of the concept of equality as a principle of fairness. These problems concern (i) determining when equality is appropriate as opposed to some other principle, (ii) deciding how equality is to be operationalized, and (iii) determining how to implement equality. The proposal is made that these intrapersonal decision conflicts are mirrored by social conflicts when multiple interests are involved. This way of looking at social conflicts also suggests some novel ways to approach conflict resolution.