恢复性正义:当代刑事政策的新理念

整个刑事政策的历史以及现代各国刑事政策的主流,都是以报应性正义为指导的,而现代各国犯罪率特别是再犯率居高不下,使人不能不对报应性正义指导下的刑事政策产生怀疑,在此背景下,人们开始将目光投向一种新的正义目标:恢复性正义,并以各种方式去实践。     

MENTAL HEALTH AND JUVENILE ARRESTS: CRIMINALITY,CRIMINALIZATION, OR COMPASSION?*

Juveniles in secure confinement allegedly suffer from more mental health problems than their peers. This may reflect background and behavioral characteristics commonly found in clients of both mental health and juvenile justice systems. Another explanation is that mental disorders increase the risk of arrest. These interpretations were tested on a sample of Pittsburgh boys (n = 736). Findings indicate that arrested youth exhibit more attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) problems, oppositional defiant (OD) problems, and nondelinquent externalizing symptoms prior to their first arrests compared to their never‐arrested peers. However, arrested and nonarrested youth score similarly on prior affective and anxiety problems and internalizing symptoms. Net of delinquency, substance use, and other selection factors, internalizing problems lower the risk of subsequent arrest, whereas OD problems and nondelinquent externalizing symptoms increase it. ADH problems have no effect on arrest net of delinquency and substance use. These findings lend only partial support to the criminalization hypothesis. Whereas some mental health symptoms increase the risk of arrest, others elicit more cautious or compassionate official responses.     

论我国刑事缺席审判制度的构建——以《联合国反腐败公约》资产追回机制为切入点

刑事缺席审判制度,在表面上有违直接辩护和参与原则,有侵犯被告人诉讼权益之嫌.但依据《公约》规定的精神,针对腐败案件而设立的刑事缺席审判制度,其关注的重点并非如何将被告人绳之以法,而是如何快速有效地追回腐败犯罪所涉及到的资产,它将被告人的诉讼参与权与被害人的财产赔偿权放在一个天平上衡量,这不同于传统司法理念那样将国家的追诉权与被告人的诉讼权对立.故只要按科学的制度实施,就同样可以做到打击犯罪与守护正义的平衡.     

Equality,fairness, and social conflict

There are three generic problems that arise in the use of the concept of equality as a principle of fairness. These problems concern (i) determining when equality is appropriate as opposed to some other principle, (ii) deciding how equality is to be operationalized, and (iii) determining how to implement equality. The proposal is made that these intrapersonal decision conflicts are mirrored by social conflicts when multiple interests are involved. This way of looking at social conflicts also suggests some novel ways to approach conflict resolution.     

From Interactional Justice to Citizenship Behaviors: Role Enlargement or Role Discretion?

An organizational field study examined the mechanisms through which supervisors’ interactional justice influences employees’ individual-directed organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Although, previous research supports the relationship between interactional fairness and OCBs, the mechanisms of operation remain unclear. Separate frameworks, based on role enlargement and role discretion exist, with no prior attempts to compare them. In this study, I examine two competitive models, (a) a role enlargement model, using employees’ role definitions as a mediator and (b) a role discretion model, using employees’ role definitions as a moderator. The results, based on data collected from 141 employee-manager dyads in a work organization, confirm that role definitions moderate the relationships between interactional justice and OCBs. The findings are discussed to derive theoretical and practical implications and directions for future research.     

关于查禁卖淫嫖娼活动的立法、执法思考

当前卖淫嫖娼屡禁不止,究其原因与公安机关对卖淫嫖娼活动打击不力有很大关系,具体表现为 对卖淫嫖娼人的处罚以罚款为主,拘留处罚、收容教养的比例比较低、劳动教养处理的少之又少。 为此,应完善立法,提高罚款幅度,取消对卖淫嫖娼人员的警告处罚规定,进一步明确收容教育的 条件,限制公安机关的自由裁量权。在现行的法律框架下,应完善公安信息系统,重视已查处卖 淫嫖娼人员的信息收集与加工利用;加大对嫖娼人员的处罚力度,铲除买方市场;规范《治安管理 处罚裁决书》的送达,动员社会力量,共同参与对卖淫嫖娼活动的治理。     

正当行政程序之价值基础

正当行政程序具有合法性、合理性与人道性的基本特征。抽象的自然正义是正当行政程序的价值渊源,它要求避免偏见和进行听证;具有相当灵活性与操作性的正当法律程序是正当行政程序的理论依据和制度基础,它是正当行政程序的外在价值;程序正义是正当行政程序的内在价值,它要求程序本身的纯粹的善。     

Individual and collective justice and injustice: Implications for intergroup conflict

This paper focuses on the combined impact of individual and collective justice and injustice on intergroup conflict. The basic premise is that an adequate understanding of the course of intergroup relations requires knowledge not only about relevant conditions on the intergroup level, but also about the intragroup conditions that might predispose each group to assume a particular type of social orientation. It is assumed that an individual is more dissatisfied when both s/he and her/his group are unjustly treated than when only either one is. The consequences of different combinations of justice and injustice for the individual and his/her group are specified for the intensity of conflict between two groups. Sixteen intergroup scenarios are first derived and rank-ordered, via three assumptions, in terms of how aversive they are likely to be from the perspective of one of two interacting groups. The viewpoints of both groups are then taken into account in an attempt to make predictions about the potential for and intensity of intergroup conflict.     

Justice on the road to change in the people's republic of China

Dengist reform programs, including mandated changes in the operation of Chinese industrial enterprises, depart radially from previous Maoist practices and ideologies. With these changes, issues of distributive justice have become extremely salient in China. We explore shifting norms regarding distributive justice in China, with a focus on the conceptions of, and implications for, practicing managers. After first reviewing the pertinent literature, we present some original data gathered from Chinese managers in 1986 and in 1989, comparing them to data gathered from managers in the United States.     

变动中的媒体角色与司法--媒体与司法关系的现实分析

司法公正是现实生活中人们直感司法应当具备的素质,同时也是近年来法学界、司法实务界甚至执政党力推的司法体制改革的基本目标。为实现司法公正,人们在寄期望于司法制度改革的同时,还试图从外部寻求一些方案,其中就包括探讨理顺司法与媒体关系的问题,二者之间存在着理性互动的可能性。