企业名称权的性质及法律保护

企业对其名称是享有名称权还是名称专用权,我国现行法律规定有所不一,《民法通则》规定企业享有名称权,《企业名称登记管理规定》规定企业享有名称专用权,理论界对这一问题也有不同的认识。从理论上和实际操作的可能性上分析,企业应享有名称权,而不是名称专用权。因为市场经济条件下,企业的经营活动已经打破了地域的限制,同时,经营范围问题也在被逐渐淡化,这样,现行企业名称制度中决定其专用权范围的因素所剩无几,甚至荡然无存。对于企业名称权的保护也应采取国际通行的做法,通过防止混淆原则、保护在先权利原则等保护企业名称权。     

让弱势群体拥有更多的机会——以罗尔斯公平机会原则为视角

美国当代哲学家约翰.罗尔斯在1971年出版的《正义论》中提出了正义的公平机会原则,认为所有人都应该有获得公职和社会职位的平等机会。分析罗尔斯正义论的公平机会原则,从机会平等的视角出发,探讨我国弱势群体"没有机会"的社会原因,提出改变他们"没机会"现状的措施。     

量刑实体公正的影响因素研究

影响量刑实体公正的因素有刑罚的设置、刑事政策、法官自由裁量权等法律因素以及法官情感因素、民意、领导干预等法律外因素.上述因素以各自的方式影响着量刑的公正与否,因而,探究影响量刑实体公正的因素对采取相应措施保障量刑公正具有重大意义.     

论国际河流后开发国家的权利与义务

国际河流后开发国家特殊的地理位置使其对国际河流的开发会对先开发国家的既得利益产生重要影响.国家对位于其领土内的国际水资源享有主权是后开发国家对国际河流享有开发利用权最主要的法理基础,“先占主义”理论在国际实践中鲜获支持,国际仲裁、判例进一步确认了后开发国家开发利用国际水资源的权利和义务.故国际河流后开发国家享有开发利用国际河流的权利,同时也应承担相应的国际责任和义务.我国作为大部分国际河流的后开发国家也应受到启示,以实现国际水资源的可持续利用.     

Los alcances del control judicial en la expropiación

The declaration of public use in takings is, in most constitutional systems, a guarantee every individual has against the power of the State to seize his or her property. The institute is of fundamental importance for the protection of (other) individual guarantees from the expropriatory power of the State. However, our Supreme Court’s traditional precedents do not allow its judicial control. This paper analyses what is public use and what is the reason for its importance. Then, it shows that the Supreme Court’s criteria have varied the matter, containing in its development an important exception and several ambivalences. Finally, it explains why it is more adequate to our constitutional principles, to the rights our Constitution grants and to the very nature of the institute of takings for the declaration of public use to be subject to judicial control.     

权利平等是收入分配改革的长效工程

收入分配改革的命题不是简单的收入＂差距＂问题,而是人与人之间的收入＂公平＂问题。公平分配是以权利平等为依据的,有多少权利就能获得多少收入;权利决定收入,权利不平等则收入分配就不可能公平。收入差距与地区之间、行业之间、职业之间、级别之间的权利不平等直接对应;权利,在内容上按经济市场、公民社会以及政治国家三大领域归类,在结构上按归属权和行使权划分,则可以发现形式上平等而实质上不平等或者相反的特性。收入的公平分配,关键是从多方面保障人与人之间的权利平等。     

中国内地与澳门公有土地建设使用制度比较研究

中国内地与澳门同时面临着土地法律制度的重大革新，两地的公有土地建设使用制度具有共同的法律功能，进行比较研究具有重要的现实意义。由于受土地面积与地理位置的限制，《澳门土地法》所确立的分阶段批出土地的做法值得内地学习，但该法与《澳门民法典》严重脱节，从而使得理论与实务界对土地批给程序所创设的土地权利性质产生了争议。内地的《土地管理法》与《物权法》基本上能保持有机协调，通过公有土地建设使用程序为土地使用人创设了典型物权或准物权，并且确立了一套较为完善的权利公示制度，这是《澳门土地法》修改中应当重视的问题。     

Decide your time: Testing deterrence theory's certainty and celerity effects on substance-using probationers

Background

Bolstered by the initial effectiveness of programs such as Hawaii's Project HOPE, the resurgence in practical applications of deterrence theory has focused on certainty and swiftness of punishment. Following this theoretical trend, Delaware's Decide Your Time (DYT) program was designed to manage high risk substance-using probationers by focusing on the certainty of detection through frequent drug tests and graduated but not severe sanctions.

Objective

This paper, stemming from a larger process evaluation of DYT, reports on the theoretical development and implementation issues involved in instituting such a program in a large, urban probation department.

Methods

Data for the current effort consisted of notes taken at DYT management and staff meetings, interviews with key informants, and observational fieldwork.

Results

The evaluation demonstrated that judicial practices, client eligibility, logistics, and cooperation with secure facilities all posed noteworthy issues for program implementation. Perhaps just as important is the willingness of the program managers to listen to front line officers and make necessary changes to ensure the program's effectiveness and efficiency.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the design of similar programs should carefully consider the local legal structure and the policies and practices of the corrections institutions, treatment providers, and probation department.     

Pedagogy of individual choice and female inmate reentry in the U.S. Southwest

Much of the mental health, substance use, and educational programming within a particular women's prison in the southwestern United States promotes individual choice and agency. Incarcerated women from rural areas are told that their ability to succeed outside of prison is primarily dependent upon their personal choices. Comparably little attention is given to preparing women for their upcoming release or to overcoming structural barriers that could undermine successful reentry within rural communities. As a result, these returning citizens, many of whom grapple with mental illness and alcohol or drug dependence, blame themselves for their inability to surmount these barriers. In this qualitative research, we draw upon the perspectives of 99 incarcerated women to clarify how ideologies of individual choice promulgated in reentry pedagogy clash with contextual factors within rural communities to derail the reentry process. We also consider community reentry from Amartya Sen's capabilities framework and discuss how this model could inform needed interventions.     

The Google conundrum: Perpetrator or facilitator on the net? – Forging a fair copyright framework of rights, liability and responsibility in response to search engine 2.0 – Part I: The Google Images Search Engine

Is Google in its quest for search engine optimization through the creation of new technologies, which not only improves its search algorithms but also refines its search functions for users, doing it in a manner that makes it a perpetrator of primary copyright infringement or an invaluable facilitator for Internet functionality? How should the balance of interests in the treatment of creative works be recalibrated in the face of changes in search engine technology and operations, and the disputes that have arisen within the last decade in the context of the digital age and its needs? Using Google as a case study, this paper will look at the two main areas of dispute over the operations of information locator tools and services that either threatens search engine functionality and efficiency or weakens copyright holders’ exclusive rights. It proposes a concerted set of solutions through a reassessment and amendment of copyright law to optimize the social benefits and objectives of both the copyright regime and technological innovations in the electronic model of information archiving, indexing and delivery. A fair distribution of responsibilities and allocation of rights and liabilities will be suggested. In the process, due consideration will be given to both public and private interests, with the former taking precedence; while the recommended solutions will be made within the currently outdated framework for Internet intermediary protection (i.e. safe harbor laws) and exceptions (i.e. specific statutory exemptions and the general fair use defense) under the existing copyright regime. Thus, the proposed changes will be far reaching without being too radical a departure from current law, an evolution that will likely be more acceptable and realistic a solution to the problem.This paper is published in two parts. Part One of this paper will deal with the challenges to the copyright regime posed by the operations and technology behind the Google Images Search Engine, while Part Two that will be published in the subsequent edition of the CLSR will assess the benefits of the Google Books Search Project vis-à-vis the effects it will have on the scope of copyright protection. Recommendations are made to copyright law to accommodate both functions while generally preserving the main objectives of copyright protection.