CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN EUROPEAN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS: WHY ARE FAMILY PRACTICES SO DIFFERENT FROM LEGAL THEORIES?

Debates about child custody following parental separation often have been framed in terms of a battle between the competing rights of different family members. In the United States, advocates of mothers’ rights square off against proponents of fathers’ rights, with each side claiming to truly represent children's rights. Of course, not all advocates lay claim to children's rights in contact and custody disputes merely as a tactical maneuver. Some experts believe that children are entitled to (and benefit from) their own, independent legal advocate in custody cases. In theory, at least, the position that children lay claim to a third set of independent rights is strongly held in Europe, more strongly than in many U.S. states, because of the adoption of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in Europe, but not in the United States. In this article, we examine children's rights in custody disputes from a European perspective, particularly children's legal right to contact with their parents, as well as the children's right to be heard in custody and contact disputes. We find that, despite differences in legal theory, tradition, and family demographics, European countries ultimately face a familiar reality: Custody and contact disputes are, in reality, more about renegotiating family relationships than they are a matter of a mother's, father's, or child's rights.     

邓小平领导决策取向问题探讨

决策思想是邓小平领导思想的重要组成部分。邓小平决策思想按其内在的逻辑顺序,可分为价值取向,目标取向和方法取向。价值取向是决策的前提和依据;目标取向是决策要达到的目标;方法取向是实施目标所采用的手段。3者缺一不可,共同构成了邓小平决策思想的完整体系。     

National parliamentary control and voting in the Council of the European Union

This article explores the different ways governments express dissent in the Council of the European Union (EU) through ‘No’ votes, abstentions and recorded negative statements. A game-theoretical model is presented that studies voting behaviour and analyses how the national parliaments’ levels of control over their governments’ EU policies affect it. It is concluded that governments that are strongly controlled by their parliaments are not more likely to express dissent. However, when they do express dissent, they vote ‘No’ more often. Parliamentary control depends on the presence of formal oversight institutions as well as the motivation of parliamentarians to hold their governments accountable. Empirical support is found in an analysis of votes on 1,387 legislative proposals that represent more than a decade of Council decision making in the period 2004–2014. This article contributes to the discussion on the involvement of national parliaments in EU affairs, and clearly distinguishes the different forms of dissent in Council decision making.     

Displaced Persons,Family Separation and the Work Contract in Postwar Australia

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the migrant family in postwar Australia. The Commonwealth government’s two-year work contract scheme had significant effects on the initial settlement experience of displaced persons (DPs)—particularly, through the family separation that the contract enforced. Family reunification was afforded in accordance with an occasionally callous and pragmatic concern for maintaining a directable pool of labour. In this regard, the scheme and the available hostels and centres, while extensive in their bureaucracy and administrative reach, were woefully unprepared for the needs and wants of DPs, specifically the need for family unity during the initial settlement process. In drawing on archival sources, this article explores bureaucratic practices, and responses to DP resistance and dismay in the face of family separation.     

《民法典》传统基因与民族特色的法理解析

我国民法典汲取了优秀传统法文化,带有鲜明的民族特色。传统法文化既形塑了民法典的独特人文精神,也对其制度建构深具启示。在精神牵引上,传统文化的德法合治影响了民法典浓厚的道德关怀,重视抽象化的人之德性价值为人格权独立成篇提供了哲理论证,传统民本精神、“法顺人情”、天人合一思想、诚信文化都有其精神传承。在民法典制度安排上,继承了传统的典章治理智慧和通过法典化增强民族认同的政治使命,“有典有册”、律例统编的传统形式启发了民法典简约的立法技术。此外,在具体制度上,传统家事法律制度深刻影响了婚姻家庭编,传统典权制度为农村土地“三权分置”进行了历史论证。民法典对民族特色的彰显并非偶然,其原因在于民法典是民族特质的法意凝练,法治发展趋势要求从法律移植到“中国之治”,通过民法典提振民族精神也具有世界经验。但传统法文化影响不能过度拔高,其诸多人文主张仅停留在观念层次,而缺乏制度建构。应对传统观念进行现代化的制度转换与批判性继承,引领新的社会文明。     

论自动驾驶汽车生产者的刑事责任

自动驾驶汽车是人类研发、制造、使用和管理的智能产品,不是犯罪主体或刑事责任主体。在自动驾驶汽车自主控制状态下发生交通事故的,其生产者、使用者和其他人员难以按照我国现有刑法的罪名定罪处罚。除非道路交通安全法和刑法有专门的规定,驾驶位人员不接管汽车或接管后无力改变交通事故结果的,不构成交通肇事罪或其他管理过失犯罪。驾驶位人员的注意义务是阻止自动驾驶汽车自主控制下发生交通事故,其注意义务不应过高。允许的风险、紧急避险理论不能为自动驾驶汽车紧急路况处理算法的生产与应用提供合法、合理的解决方案,生产者遵守算法安全标准仅可以使生产行为合法化。鉴于现行刑法不适应自动驾驶汽车应用的特性,我国应当建立以生产者全程负责为中心的新刑事责任体系,使之在自动驾驶汽车生产和应用两个阶段承担安全管理责任,生产者拒不履行自动驾驶汽车应用安全管理义务且情节严重的,应当承担刑事责任。     

家庭小说视野中的《行人》

夏目漱石的十年创作生涯正值家庭小说发展、鼎盛的时代。家庭小说的女主人公多为贤妻良母的理想形象,体现了文学与国家意识形态的互动关系。《行人》中的阿直是处于贤妻良母和新女性之间的存在。前者将家庭矛盾的焦点设定于夫妻关系之外,丈夫多关注妻子肉体上的贞操。后者中的一郎则因不能把握阿直的内心和灵魂而苦恼,家族制度的重压酿成夫妻双方的悲剧。     

唐代奴仆告主现象考论

唐代传世文献关于告主奴仆具体身份之描述扑朔迷离,且多有彰显奴仆＂家人＂身份之旨趣。告主家奴、家僮、役人、从人等称谓互通的特殊现象,是唐代家庭结构深刻变化与贱民地位相对提高的真实反映,而这种变化在法律制度层面之重要表达路径,即为奴仆容隐其主原则的确立。     

充分发挥工会信息的作用

信息工作是工会切实履行好“第一知情人”和“第一报告人”职责的主要渠道。它具有政治性、政策性、内部性和层级性，应紧紧围绕重点工作做好其收集、整理、审核与报送，以为有关领导和上级机关的科学决策提供有价值的参考。     

REEVALUATING WHERE WE STAND: A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY OF AMERICA'S FAMILY JUSTICE SYSTEMS

The call for court reform remains critical in the face of the growing complexity of burgeoning family law cases nationwide. Many states have restructured their court systems using the unified family court model, resolving legal, personal, emotional, and social disputes with the aim of improving the well‐being of families and children. Other states utilize the traditional approach, resulting in cases being handled in a fragmented, time‐consuming and expensive manner. In this article, Professor Barbara A. Babb presents the results of her nationwide survey regarding how each state handles family law matters. The survey is a follow‐up to her comprehensive 1998 survey and her 2002 survey update. The results of the recent analysis reveal that a total of thirty‐eight states now have either statewide family courts, family courts in selected areas of the state, or pilot or planned family courts, representing seventy‐five percent of states. The number of states without a specialized or separate system to handle family law matters has decreased from seventeen states in 1998 to thirteen in 2006. These changes are significant when one considers the complexities involved in court reform. The need for court reform remains an urgent one, as family law cases occupy a significant percentage of court dockets across the country. Families and children deserve a court system where justice is effective and efficient and where their legal, personal, emotional, and social needs are resolved in a therapeutic and holistic manner.