Life beyond big data: governing with little analytics

Abstract

The twenty-first-century rise of big data marks a significant break with statistical notions of what is of interest or concern. The vast expansion of digital data has been closely intertwined with the development of advanced analytical algorithms with which to make sense of the data. The advent of techniques of knowledge discovery affords some capacity for the analytics to derive the object or subject of interest from clusters and patterns in large volumes of data, otherwise imperceptible to human reading. Thus, the scale of the big in big data is of less significance to contemporary forms of knowing and governing than what we will call the little analytics. Following Henri Bergson's analysis of forms of perception which ‘cut out’ a series of figures detached from the whole, we propose that analytical algorithms are instruments of perception without which the extensity of big data would not be comprehensible. The technologies of analytics focus human attention and decision on particular persons and things of interest, whilst annulling or discarding much of the material context from which they are extracted. Following the algorithmic processes of ingestion, partitioning and memory, we illuminate how the use of analytics engines has transformed the nature of analysis and knowledge and, thus, the nature of the governing of economic, social and political life.     

求置换因子循环矩阵的逆阵及广义逆阵的快速傅氏变换法

借助快速傅立叶变换（FFT）,给出一种求n阶置换因子循环矩阵的逆阵、自反g-逆、群逆、Moore-Penrose 逆的快速算法,该算法的计算复杂性为O（nlog2n）,最后给出的两个数值算例表明了该算法的有效性。     

Optimization of a Statistical Algorithm for Objective Comparison of Toolmarks

Due to historical legal challenges, there is a driving force for the development of objective methods of forensic toolmark identification. This study utilizes an algorithm to separate matching and nonmatching shear cut toolmarks created using fifty sequentially manufactured pliers. Unlike previously analyzed striated screwdriver marks, shear cut marks contain discontinuous groups of striations, posing a more difficult test of algorithm applicability. The algorithm compares correlation between optical 3D toolmark topography data, producing a Wilcoxon rank sum test statistic. Relative magnitude of this metric separates the matching and nonmatching toolmarks. Results show a high degree of statistical separation between matching and nonmatching distributions. Further separation is achieved with optimized input parameters and implementation of a “leash” preventing a previous source of outliers—however complete statistical separation was not achieved. This paper represents further development of objective methods of toolmark identification and further validation of the assumption that toolmarks are identifiably unique.     

人工智能时代的算法规制:责任分层与义务合规

通过云端搜集、校勘、分析海量大数据,独立法律人格待定的智能机器人,透过算法活动,在多个行业替代自然人从事高精尖业务并重塑人们的社会评价、权利义务及法律责任。算法活动以“信义义务”为核心调整传统受托人关系以及基于合同相对性进行损害赔偿,传统制度已不能完全囊括智能主体理应承担的所有义务,导致算法操纵、信息寻租和监管套利的三重失控,凸显人工智能产业布局中的法律规范缺位;算法妨害具有公共属性,穿透技术黑箱对合同之外的普罗大众造成“公共滋扰”,法律应当为不同潜在责任主体创设不同缺省合规义务,引导算法运营商、技术开发方内部化不合理社会成本,以构建人工智能责任体系的中国标准。     

Adapting the Chumbley Score to Match Striae on Land Engraved Areas (LEAs) of Bullets,

The same‐source problem remains a major challenge in forensic toolmark and firearm examination. Here, we investigate the applicability of the Chumbley method (J Forensic Sci, 2018, 63, 849; J Forensic Sci, 2010, 55, 953) (10,12), developed for screwdriver markings, for same‐source identification of striations on bullet LEAs. The Hamby datasets 44 and 252 measured by NIST and CSAFE (high‐resolution scans) are used here. We provide methods to identify parameters that minimize error rates for matching of LEAs, and a remedial algorithm to alleviate the problem of failed tests, while increasing the power of the test and reducing error rates. For 85,491 land‐to‐land comparisons (84,235 known nonmatches and 1256 known matches), the adapted test does not provide a result in 176 situations (originally more than 500). The Type I and Type II error rates are 7.2% (6105 out of 84,235) and 21.4% (271 out of 1256), respectively. This puts the proposed method on similar footing as other single‐feature matching approaches in the literature.     

速射目标选择指示器对受训学员心理的影响

速射目标选择指示器是由该课题组负责人发明的一种最新的快速射击训练器械,已经获得国家专利。警校学员的心理素质,与快速射击的能力密切相关。文章通过研究利用速射目标选择指示器的射击训练,探讨了速射训练的心理特征,分析了速射目标选择指示器对公安院校学员心理特性的影响,为公安院校培养学员快速射击能力提供参考。     

涌浪中的理性审视——快餐文化与青少年价值观教育

当代生活正以日新月异的速度变化着。“快餐文化”在成为青少年文化的重要潮流的同时,也对青少年价值观教育提出了新的挑战。价值观教育要把握时代发展的脉搏,要与时俱进。在“快餐文化”流行的背景下,如何使青少年在五光十色的文化快餐氛围中建构起健康向上的价值观念,引领青少年正确的阅读习惯和健康的文化活动,拓展富有人文性、人性化、走进青少年心灵价值观教育的新途径,是青少年价值观教育工作要认真面对的严肃问题。     

Consent behind the counter: aspiring citizens and labour control under precarious (im)migration schemes

‘Managed migration’ schemes promote mobility of labour across international borders, diversifying worksites and introducing new systems of enacting labour consent. This article examines how Canadian franchisees are recruiting Filipino migrants to staff their restaurants, facilitating employers’ access to new, flexible subjects. These workers covet their employment as pathways to Canadian citizenship. Some are unaware, however, that they are recruited under a precarious immigration scheme, one that neither directly denies nor facilitates access to legal incorporation. Instead, migrants are (transnationally) encouraged to compete in the worksite for employer-nominated citizenship, a highly productive system for engendering consent. This draws attention to new challenges ‘managed migration’ schemes pose for resisting downward pressures on work and employment conditions.     

智能投顾的功能定位与监管进路

智能投顾是涵盖投资管理全价值链的服务模式,融合广义智能化投资顾问的各项特征,并有所延展,具有个性设计、风险分散、理性决策、平衡调整的功能优势。实践中,智能投顾面临合规风险、画像风险、算法风险、信用风险等方面的功能异化。由于概念界定和市场环境的不同,我国智能投顾的监管无法复制美国的模式,应当走本土化道路,注重从功能的角度进行穿透式监管。具体路径包括分类实施准入监管,推进放开综合账户;严格把关问卷设计,加强提高风险意识;有效开展算法监控,探索构建试错机制;明确强化信息披露,合理考量责任追究。     

算法社会下个人信息保护的难题

算法的大规模应用给人类生活带了前所未有的便捷,智能产品、智能搜索和导航、个性化的定制服务、精确的推荐等等。我们在享受如此高效便捷的同时,不免担心随之而来的诸如APP窃听、信息泄露、算法歧视等问题。传统法律制度下关于个人信息保护之规定已经不能满足社会变化所带来的新的需要。完善法律规定,建立“算法+专门机构”的双重监督模式,同时加强公民个人信息保护意识,才能更好地适应社会新变化。