“Even Our 2nd Class Cars are More Comfortable Than Motor Buses!”: An Analysis of Victorian Railway Posters Between the Wars

Railway posters from the 1920s and 1930s are now regarded as one of the high points of twentieth-century graphic art. While their iconographies have been the subject of considerable scholarly analysis, the contexts in which they operated and functioned have received much less attention. This paper, which focuses on posters produced by Victorian Railways for a range of purposes not necessarily travel related, redresses this. It is argued that railways posters, which operated in conjunction with other forms of railway propaganda, provided a convenient and attractive way for the state to operate on its population, at a distance. Hence, they were used as rhetorical devices to exhort Victorians to travel by rail, to eat more fruit and thereby assist the state’s primary producers. As competition from motorisation became more intense during the Depression, resulting in pronounced and unsustainable rail deficits, the need to diversify the sources of railway revenue, as the analysed posters reveal, became more exigent.     

A recycling story: Developing recycling behavior in Turkey with social marketing program

The present study focuses on improving recycling behavior in Turkey with a social marketing program. It is centered on behavior change and social marketing strategies that can address recycling behavior. The social marketing program developed herein outlines segmentation, targeting, product, price, place, and promotional strategies recommended based on theoretical elements across disciplines. This research is the first to develop a social marketing program for recycling behavior in a developing country at the household level. Furthermore, it is the first study in which behavioral change was ensured through marketing strategies. This article provides a framework that can be employed in developing social marketing programs. In this study, qualitative data collection tools and quantitative measurement data were used based on the action research design. Although there are studies in the literature that argue that women and those with undergraduate/graduate education show more recycling behavior than others, the results of the participant-level research in Turkey showed that there was no significant difference in recycling behavior based on the demographic characteristics of the participants. On the other hand, it has been found that the awareness levels of the people have changed in correspondence with the implementation-oriented efforts of the municipalities on recycling. However, there is a lack of recycling behavior due to the lack of necessary infrastructure and information in all regions in Turkey. One of the most important results obtained in this social marketing program study was that regional and cultural differences had a role in shaping the recycling behavior. This requires different strategies in implementing the program in different provinces, based on the culture and availability of recycling infrastructure. This article provides an example of a social marketing program to improve recycling behavior. It hopes to inspire significantly more work in this area to make behavior change for the better.     

An analysis of asymmetric effect of federal transfers across Indian states

This study empirically examines the asymmetric effect of federal transfers in India using a panel dataset of 18 states from 2000–2001 to 2019–2020. In mapping the asymmetric effect of federal transfers on subnational spending across the Indian states, we test it in the extended ‘flypaper effect’ framework, examining whether subnational expenditures respond in the same way to changes in federal transfers. To quantify the extent of the asymmetric effect on the subnational expenditure, we employed the panel non-linear ARDL model. The results suggest that subnational spending has a greater asymmetric response to the increase in federal transfers than to a decrease. At the disaggregate level, ten out of 18 states have a fiscal replacement kind of asymmetric effect in any spending specifications. But only three validate it in the capital and development spending, and seven states validating in the non-development expenditure on the revenue accounts. Replacing the cut in federal transfers with other revenue sources that prioritise non-development spending over development spending is problematic.     

中国“碳金融”发展的制约因素及路径选择

“碳金融”是环保项目投融资的代名词,是国际金融界的新课题,泛指减少温室气体排放的各种金融制度安排和金融交易活动,主要包括碳排放权及其衍生品的交易和投资、低碳项目开发的投融资以及其他相关的金融中介活动。中国“碳金融”市场发展前景广阔,银行业开展“碳金融”业务不仅可以推动经营战略转型,提升国际竞争力,而且可以促进中国经济健康发展。该文简要介绍“碳金融”发展的背景、意义及国内外“碳金融”发展现状,分析了中国“碳金融”发展的制约因素,提出中国“碳金融”发展的路径。     

Wasting a Crisis? Democracy and Markets in Britain after 2007

The banking crisis of 2007-2008 briefly threatened to overturn a system of market government that had lasted for nearly three decades—a system designed to minimise democratic control over markets. The crisis drew politicians once more into financial politics and exposed bankers and banking institutions to popular criticism and control. But the development of regulatory debates, and of the institutions designed to manage the crisis, have combined to avert this threat to the established order. The crisis is being 'wasted': it is failing to produce radical reforms. The paper establishes the intellectual and institutional origins of this failure, and argues that, while the reform window is closing, it is not yet fully shut: there exists yet scope for radical argument and popular mobilisation in the creation of a financial system with fewer pathological features.     

吉林省农村金融发展问题探析

2008年10月,党的十七届三中全会强调要建立现代农村金融制度,加快建立商业性金融、合作性金融、政策性金融相结合,资本充足、功能健全、服务完善、运行安全的农村金融体系。吉林省作为东北地区的农业大省,其农村金融体系变革的滞后严重制约着农村经济的发展。促进吉林省农村金融的发展,首先要增强政策性金融支农力度;其次商业性金融要在商业化运作的基础上服务"三农";第三要保证农村合作性金融的可持续发展;第四要规范发展农村新型金融机构;第五要积极引导和规范农村非正式金融。     

Collective action and social contagion: Community gardens as a case study

Institutions for collective action (ICAs), comprising individuals that informally organize to manage collective resources, have gained recognition as a significant means of informal governance of common resources alongside the more formal schemes of privatization and top-down regulation. Using the case study of community gardens, this article locates ICAs within the broader phenomenon of self-organization in complex systems, and inquires whether ICAs exhibit dynamics of social contagion and diffuse in accordance with patterns that prevail in self-organized complex systems. Applying quantitative methods derived from the field of complexity, we measure the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal diffusion of community gardens in the city of Jerusalem. The results suggest that the spread of community gardens in the urban space displays patterns of self-organization and social contagion. More generally, these findings suggest that ICAs may scale from the micro to the macro level in a bottom-up, self-expanding manner, while maintaining the advantages of local, commons-based arrangements. This perspective carries significant policy implications, and highlights the potential use of ICAs as a means for the governance of public resources, not only on a local, micro scale but also on a more global scale.     

实体请求权与诉讼请求权之辨——从物权确认请求权谈起

从请求权制度功能上来看,请求权首先是实体法上的权利,具有主观权利的一般特征;其次是实体与诉讼的桥梁。在德国法上,通过代位诉讼以及确认之诉的性质争议,逐渐独立出诉讼上请求权,即争议标的,并将其定为在对国家的法律保护请求权上。由此,诉讼请求权与实体请求权各自适用不同的规则,在某些情况下,对前者可以准用后者的规则,但对诉讼请求权,一般不得为实体法上的处分,如转让、免除、自愿履行等,也无适用诉讼时效之问题。物权确认请求权是确认之诉的一种,其客体应是法律关系,而不是“物权归属与内容”。在存在给付之诉或者其他救济可能时,原则上给付之诉或者其他救济措施优先。     

民事证明权的多维视角

民事证明权作为当事人享有的一种权利,与主观证明责任是同一事物之两面。民事证明权是当事人证明自己所主张的案件事实的权利,是民事诉权的重要内容,具有宪法位阶。民事证明权在内容上包括事实主张权、证据收集权、证据提出权、质证权等实体方面的权利与证明平等参与权、心证公开请求权、证据判断理由说明请求权、证明时间保障权、证明成本节约权等程序方面的权利。