分权改革背景下的地方财政自主权

为实现政治统治的合法化,近现代国家在民主的基础上形成了以规范为中心的权力认知模式。建国与改革为主题的国家制度建设所呈现的渐进性和试验性,使我国在中央与地方的财政关系上,形成了规范内外不同的权力生长与存续机理。碎片化的规范,赋予了地方在特定领域内的财政自主权。同时,依赖政治过程的分散化策略,引致了权力的制度外溢,形成了诸多所谓的"事实上的财政自主权"。尽管正当的制度只能逐步建设和改进,但如果始终存在超越于法律规范之上的权力,法治秩序终将会崩裂。地方财政自主权,必须在规范主义的立场上循序形成。     

西部地区运用财税政策吸引FDI效果的实证研究

90年代中后期国家陆续给予了西部地区一系列优惠政策,但从西部地区吸引FDI的总量和质量来看,都远远低于全国水平。本文对西部地区财税政策吸引FDI的效果进行分析,观察外商投资者对于财税政策的敏感程度,提出吸引FDI的相应对策。     

政府公共服务事权划分混乱的成因与对策

公共服务事权在政府间的划分是建立分级财政体制的核心和基础,然而历史和现实原因使得我国当前的事权分配较为混乱、不尽合理,造成诸多问题。本文详尽分析了事权混乱的成因,并在此基础上提出今后公共服务事权划分的基本原则与思路。     

二元财政政策影响农村居民税负的数量分析

由于非正式财政的存在、统计技术的不成熟和统计制度的不透明,农村居民的实际负担无法从官方数据中反映出来。但是,从城乡差距入手,可以利用各类公开出版发行的统计资料,运用数理经济模型间接测算出中国农村居民每年的实际税率和政府每年从农业部门转移出去的农业剩余。测度结果表明,自1957年以来,农村居民的负担被严重低估,同时,虽然近年来,农村居民的负担略为减轻,但是,高税率的长期存在还是不可避免。因此,缩小城乡差距的政策不但要注意加大对农业部门的投入,而且还应该关注农村税负的减免。     

联合国财政改革的国际法分析

联合国自成立以来,就持续受到财政紧缺的困扰,财政问题尤其是会员国拖欠会费问题,制约着联合国的正常运转和联合国改革的全局。联合国组织本身的局限性以及缺乏强有力的欠费制裁机制,是联合国财政改革的内在需求。改革的主要思路是开源节流,节约开支、精简预算并寻求可行的新财政来源,辅之以有效的欠费执行机制。以国际法为基础,在国际政治与国际关系的互动中推进联合国财政改革,是当前国际社会共同的目标。     

Fiscal and political determinants of local government involvement in public-private partnership (PPP)

ABSTRACT

In this article, we estimate the main determinants of local government’s engagement in public-private partnership (PPP) projects using logistic panel regression. We use data from 2478 municipalities and cities in Poland from 2009 to 2016. The results show that municipalities with higher levels of indebtedness have a higher probability of opening PPP tenders while local units that are more dependent on central grants or receive more European grants are less engaged in PPP. We also found that the mayors of municipalities and cities with stronger electoral competition engage in PPP with a higher probability. These results are important for discussions on the efficient use of PPP. They show that local government decisions made in conditions of fiscal constraint and political struggle can blur the PPP’s value-for-money aim.     

Assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of a police service: the analytics of operational reviews

Concerns over rising costs have forced police services to balance increasing fiscal and operational pressures. Discussions of the resources and requirements of police, however, are generally only informed by political expediency and traditional practice. Operational reviews (ORs) can be used to document the demands on police, their capacity to respond, and ways in which they can become more efficient and effective. Drawing on an OR of a major urban Canadian police service, this article provides a broad outline of the components of an OR and the analytics that can be used to answer these key questions.     

Devine intervention? Lessons in systemic retrenchment from Canada’s most generous welfare state

This article tackles the importance of systemic retrenchment in welfare state research by focusing on two core elements neglected in the literature: the civil service and governmental revenues. Saskatchewan has possessed key ingredients associated with generous welfare states: a dominant left-wing party, a supportive bureaucracy and important non-visible fiscal revenues. According to the comparative welfare state literature, this is also an excellent recipe for maintaining a generous welfare state amid attempts, primarily by right-wing governments, to scale it back. Yet, most social indicators in the post-Devine years demonstrate that Saskatchewan can no longer be considered a leading welfare state in Canada. Reforms to the bureaucracy and a host of financial measures resulting in a near default explain why the Devine government was successful in its efforts to disrupt the CCF/NDP social legacy despite the fact that the NDP regained power for 16 years afterwards.     

行为的异质性对税法规制的影响及其缓释思路——一种“能力——行为”的分析范式

税法上的"行为"范畴存在高度的异质性,建构统一的"财税行为"概念较为困难。税法领域,不同主体从事的行为性质各异又相互依存,均产生法效果,并需要接受税法的评价和规范;即便是形式上相同的税法主体,由于能力等因素的差异,外在的行为同样呈现突出的异质性。两个层面的异质性对于税法功能的发挥均产生一定影响,须于制度设计时有的放矢、妥为回应。在完善个人所得税制、藉此发挥分配规制的功能时,即应重视税法上行为的异质性,将纳税人的博弈行为纳入决策依据;区分博弈行为的不同层类,循"能力——行为"逻辑脉络辨证施治;同时关注纳税人之间因能力差异引致的行为分殊,在改进征税模式等核心税制时,俱应强调理论和实践的融通。