关于格式条款法律控制问题的思考

格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟订,并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。格式条款合同的存在,一方面满足了社会化大生产和公用事业发展的需要,另一方面也在不同程度上侵害了消费者的合法权益。为此,应当通过法律控制的途径,从立法、执法和司法等方面对格式条款合同加以控制,以更好地发挥其在社会生活中的作用。     

论信用卡格式合同不公平条款的法律规制

对信用卡格式合同中的条件变更信息披露之排除条款、冒用风险分配条款和抗辩切断条款这三种不公平条款进行法律规制 ,是控制发卡机构的优势滥用 ,维护持卡人的合法权益 ,促进信用卡交易乃至现代信用经济发展的必要举措。我国法律应借鉴外国和我国台湾地区的立法 ,提高立法层次 ,开展小额电子资金划拨的专门立法 ,开展消费信用的专门立法 ,颁布信用卡格式合同范本 ,以保护持卡人的条件变更知情权 ,合理分配冒用风险 ,并在一定程度上保护持卡人的抗辩权     

The W***D C*P of 2*1*: FIFA's intellectual property rights in South Africa

Legal context: This article focuses on the relationship between trade markrights and other forms of statutory protection. Key points: FIFA is the proprietor of a number of trade mark registrationsin South Africa. The strength of these registrations is discussedand the view taken that a number are open to attack, in termsof both distinctiveness and user requirements. It is then shownthat, if statutory protection is given for the same words andphrases, the weaknesses of the trade mark registrations willbe avoided. Practical significance: The article serves as an illustration of the manner in whichinternational sporting bodies attempt to extend their IP protectionbeyond the bounds of existing legislation.     

浅析反不正当竞争法的一般条款

1993年颁布的《反不正当竞争法》,它的制定与实施为我国建立统一、公正的市场竞争秩序提供了法律依据。然而,随着市场自身的快速发展,这些具体的规定已经无法全面、有效地规范市场竞争秩序,这就要求我们要重新认识《反不正当竞争法》,制定一个一般条款。经济法最本质的内容就是国家与经济之间的关系问题,因此,国家应在大力发展商品经济的同时,充分发挥市场机制的作用,在此基础上,恰当地发挥国家职能,对经济进行必要的、合理的干预。     

未来我国民法典不宜采用“一般人格权”概念

"一般人格权"是民法"生出"的宪法权利,它不像人格权那样可以以具体化的形式作为民法中的权利样态。无论是以演绎法还是以归纳法来构建我国人格权体系,都会得出"一般人格权"与现有的人格权体系相龃龉。未来我国民法典应以"一般条款"替代"一般人格权",使人格权体系变成以具体人格权为主体,辅之以一般条款的立法模式。     

以实质公平理念规制契约自由——以格式合同为例证

吉尔莫所谓的契约之死,无非是契约自由的丧失,也即和契约正义"合体"的契约自由的丧失。契约自由与契约正义由"合体"走向背离,是因着"主体平等"和"完全自由市场"在垄断的语境下不复存在。格式合同的出现成了契约自由背离契约正义的典型例证。在格式合同中,合意和选择失去了意义,契约自由背离了契约正义从而走向了形式正义的泥沼。将实质公平理念引入契约自由原则,或许能带来契约的再生。以实质公平理念规制格式合同,通过国家干预性质的立法、司法和行政手段实现格式合同中自由与正义的"合体"。本文以格式合同的典型司法案例为例证,研究了如何将经济法关于实质公平的价值理念引入格式合同的民商事审判,以探索一条如何达致契约自由与契约正义新的"合体"以及契约自由再生的司法实践路径。     

合同条款初探--一个被遗忘问题的思考

什么是合同条款 ?目前 ,理论界没有对其作出解释与阐明 ,是一个还没有人涉足的研究领域。通过分析论证 ,揭示了合同条款的内涵、特征 ,论述了其框架结构、特殊形式和动、静态观点。     

Determination of average vehicle speed utilizing reverse projection

Reverse projection photogrammetry has long been used to estimate the height of an individual in forensic video examinations. A natural extrapolation would be to apply the same technique on a video to estimate the speed of an object by determining the distance traveled between two points over a set amount of time. To test this theory, five digital video recorders (DVRs) were connected to a single fixed camera to record a vehicle traveling down a track. The vehicle's speed was measured through Doppler radar by a trained operator and the speedometer of the vehicle was also recorded with a video camera. The recorded video was examined and the frames that best depict the beginning and end of the vehicles course were selected. Two reverse projection photogrammetric examinations were performed on the selected frames to establish the position of the vehicle. The distance between the two points was measured, and the time elapsed between the two points was examined. The outcome provided an accurate speed result with a standard degree of uncertainty. This study proves the feasibility of using video data and reverse projection photogrammetry to determine the speed of a vehicle with a limited set of variables. Further research is needed to determine how additional variables would impact the standard degree of uncertainty.     

Terms of service and bills of rights: new mechanisms of constitutionalisation in the social media environment?

ABSTRACT

From a cursory look at the terms of service of the main social networking websites, it is immediately possible to detect that Facebook’s show a peculiar configuration. Although they represent a mere contract between private parties, these terms adopt the traditional jargon of constitutional texts and articulate their contents in terms of rights, principles and duties. This curious pairing between norms regulating social media and the constitutional sphere is also apparent in a series of non-binding documents that are unequivocally named ‘bill of rights’ and seek to articulate a set of principles to protect social media users. This paper examines whether the emergence of a constitutional tone in this limited number of texts could be related to the effective, or aspirational, constitutional function that these documents exercise. The identification of a series of significant shortcomings will lead to exclude that social media’s terms of service and bills of rights of social media users currently play a constitutionalising role. Nevertheless, the possibility to theoretically justify the use of these documents as mechanisms of constitutionalisation in the social media environment will be adduced as an evidence of the potential constitutional aspirations of these texts.     

从错失的500万元解读彩票合同

作为格式合同的一种,彩票合同理应受相应的限制。然而,当碰到具体问题时,具体分析当事人的权利之争才是符合公平正义的立法精神的做法。此外,作为射幸合同的一种,符合合同约定的条件是发生相应法律效果的充分以及必要条件;彩票合同法律效果要达到,兑奖期限同样是必要条件。