基于改进NSGA-Ⅱ的梯级水电站多目标发电优化调度

在一种典型多目标进化算法NSGA-Ⅱ基础上做了以下改进：1）引入了外部档案集并提出一种基于局部搜索的算子,用于提高其收敛性及非劣解的分布性;2）为了便于决策者决策,采用一种基于偏好的简单有效决策方法优选调度方案;3）为提高算法的效率,在建立偏序集时,采用快速排序算法对子目标进行排序.最后,采用改进NS-GA-Ⅱ算法求解三峡梯级水电站多目标发电优化调度问题,结果表明算法能够有效地处理复杂约束,得到分布完备且均匀的非劣调度方案集,并计算出各非劣调度方案的相对优属度以便于决策者进行决策.     

Comparative Climate Change Policy and Federalism: An Overview

This commentary provides an overview of the four papers in this issue of Review of Policy Research on the politics of climate change. The papers all address in one way or another aspects of how federal‐type systems are dealing with the collective action and multilevel governance issues of climate change policy. The comparative study of federal systems provides insight into how domestic authority is so often overlapping and divided when dealing with greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Federal arrangements offer a rich array of norms, institutions, and practices for tackling these problems. Federal systems grapple continuously with the kinds of issues that are the most intractable in the climate change case, such as overcoming interregional differences of interests and values. A common federal feature is competition among subnational governments and between them and national or federated governments over climate change policy, which has been especially significant in the United States and in Canada in the relative absence of national action––although soberingly, the whole is as yet nowhere near as great as the sum of the parts. More significant, but rarer is the achievement of tighter coordination in federal systems achieved through intergovernmental co‐decision, as seen in the European Community and Australia. This has been accomplished in large part due to a consensus among all intergovernmental parties on the nature of the problem and congruence with the existing international regime, characteristics missing in the North American context.     

TOWARD A BIFURCATED THEORY OF EMOTIONAL DETERRENCE

Since Hobbes (1957 [1651] and Beccaria (1963 [1764]), scholars have theorized that the emotion of fear is critical for deterrence. Nevertheless, contemporary deterrence researchers have mostly overlooked the distinction between perceived sanction risk and fear of apprehension. Whereas perceived risk is a cognitive judgment, fear involves visceral feelings of anxiety or dread. Equally important, a theory explicating the influence of deterrence on both criminal propensity and situational offending has remained elusive. We develop a theoretical model in which perceived risk and fear are distinguished at both the general and situational levels. We test this theoretical model with data from a set of survey‐based experiments conducted in 2016 with a nationwide sample of adults (N = 965). We find that perceived risk and fear are empirically distinct and that perceived risk is positively related to fear at both the general and situational levels. Certain background and situational factors have indirect effects through perceived risk on fear. In turn, perceived risk has indirect effects through fear on both criminal propensity and situational intentions to offend. Fear's inclusion increases explanatory power for both criminal propensity and situational offending intentions. Fear is a stronger predictor than either self‐control or prior offending of situational intentions to offend.     

论成年人监护制度的最新发展:支持决策

支持决策是为响应联合国《残疾人权利公约》第12条的要求在成年人监护领域出现的新理念和新措施。支持决策的核心价值是使残疾人在他人的帮助下自主做出决定,从而维护残疾人的人格尊严与自由。支持决策在世界范围内受到极大关注,很多国家都在尝试建立支持决策的法律模式。我国正处于民法典编纂过程中,支持决策理念的出现为我国成年人监护立法提供了新思路、新方向。我国民法典婚姻家庭编在设计成年人监护制度时应以辅助制度体现支持决策的指导思想及具体内容。     

监察留置适用中的程序问题

留置包括决定立案时的留置与调查过程中的留置。鉴于留置只有在经过调查核实且确实掌握了部分违法犯罪事实及证据且听取了被调查人的意见之后才宜适用,立案决定时的留置应当限制适用。在留置持续期间发现新的犯罪事实,不能另行适用留置;留置解除后,在特定情形下,可以再次适用留置。依照合目的性或者合条件性判断,留置应当解除或者可以解除。在监察案件与侦查案件相关联的情形下,应当注意留置与刑事强制措施的衔接。     

论公司章程之“全体股东一致同意条款”的法律效力

为弥补"资本多数决"适用的缺陷,近年来多有通过公司章程约定股东会决议须经"全体股东一致同意"的案例出现。实践中,全体股东一致同意条款又有概括型和列举型两种表现形式。当前司法实务在认定该类条款的法律效力上分歧较大,肯定或否定该类条款法律效力的论证均不够深入且未结合全体股东一致同意条款的两种表现形式展开。通过对《公司法》有关条文及相关公司法理论的分析可以发现,列举型全体股东一致同意条款在非公众公司章程中通常具有法律效力,概括型全体股东一致同意条款在非公众公司章程中仅具有个案适用的可能性。由于公众公司股东人数较多、股东变动频繁、股东之间缺乏人合性,全体股东一致同意条款在公众公司中不具有可适用性。     

Justice and economic decision making: A model of akrasia

Economics has provided the most rigorous model of decision making. Unfortunately, its severe rationality assumptions rule out psychological conflict. Modifying the standard model to allow for conflicting preferences creates scope for hesitation, doubt, regret, and akrasia. Akrasia, which is doing wrong knowingly, figures prominently in discussions of morality and justice in classical philosophy. The development of a formal model of akrasia along the lines taken in this essay holds the promise of combining the mathematical rigor of economics, the analytical power of philosophy, and the empirical methods of psychology in the study of justice.     

Community,market, and state: Reflections on their potential for achieving economic justice

This paper investigates the potential of distinct societal decision-making and coordinating mechanisms as means of achieving economic justice. Within the enormous diversity of actual institutional arrangements that guide and shape whatever happens in economies, three overarching ideal types of mechanisms which separately or in combination enable mankind to cope with its economic challenge are discernible: communities, markets, and states. Each of these ideal types represents a different way in which economic decisions are made and the economic actions of members of society are coordinated. The specific question to be answered is how each of these mechanisms can contribute to the solution of the problem of economic justice in modern times.     

Ethical Fading: The Role of Self-Deception in Unethical Behavior

This paper examines the root of unethical dicisions by identifying the psychological forces that promote self-deception. Self-deception allows one to behave self-interestedly while, at the same time, falsely believing that one's moral principles were upheld. The end result of this internal con game is that the ethical aspects of the decision fade into the background, the moral implications obscured. In this paper we identify four enablers of self-deception, including language euphemisms, the slippery slope of decision-making, errors in perceptual causation, and constraints induced by representations of the self. We argue that current solutions to unethical behaviors in organizations, such as ethics training, do not consider the important role of these enablers and hence will be constrained in their potential, producing only limited effectiveness. Amendments to these solutions, which do consider the powerful role of self-deception in unethical decisions, are offered.