决策者承诺升级：群体决策与个人决策——基于中美两国文化价值的比较研究

承诺升级是决策者在进行投资决策的过程中产生的非理性行为,而传统的风险控制理论并未给予足够的重视。通过运用情景模拟实验方法,比较不同决策机制下中美两国决策者所表现出来的＂承诺升级＂的倾向和程度。研究发现：在个体决策情境下,美国的决策者比中国的决策者更容易做出承诺升级的行为,而在群体决策中,则正好相反。这对于拓展传统的风险控制理论,指导跨文化管理下的决策管理具有重要的价值。     

公共投资决策程序的社会公众参与研究—以听证制度为视角

公共投资在实现社会资源的优化配置中具有私人市场不可替代的作用.科学合理的决策程序可以实现公共投资公平正义和效率优化目标.为了保证公共投资决策程序的科学化,有必要引入社会公众参与,尤其是听证制度.在未来的《公共投资法》中设计专门的听证制度很有必要.公共投资听证规则包括听证范围、听证主持人、听证参加人、听证笔录、听证期限、听证结果法律救济等方面.对听证制度的试点是立法准备的一个重要途径.     

工会参与企业民主管理的辨析

参与企业民主管理是工会作为劳动者权益的代表者和维护者的职责之一,然而工会是否享有与企业资本的所有者和管理者同样的直接管理权、共决权?在我国现阶段工会是企业民主管理的参与者,不是行使企业经营权的直接管理者和共决者。国家和地方政府可以采取鼓励性措施,倡导企业在与工会的互动中逐步建立职工、工会参与企业民主管理的制度,甚而共决制度,而不宜过早专门立法。     

民生新闻的价值实践——浅谈安徽电视台《第一时间》得与失

民生新闻是当今媒体报道的一种主要形式,其新闻价值的特点主要表现在时新性、接近性、显赫性等方面。对其新闻价值的分析和实践运作的研究,有助于对民生新闻概念的理解。本文试通过对安徽电视台《第一时间》栏目的分析来说明这一问题。     

The impact of human-technology cooperation and distributed cognition in forensic science: biasing effects of AFIS contextual information on human experts

Experts play a critical role in forensic decision making, even when cognition is offloaded and distributed between human and machine. In this paper, we investigated the impact of using Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) on human decision makers. We provided 3680 AFIS lists (a total of 55,200 comparisons) to 23 latent fingerprint examiners as part of their normal casework. We manipulated the position of the matching print in the AFIS list. The data showed that latent fingerprint examiners were affected by the position of the matching print in terms of false exclusions and false inconclusives. Furthermore, the data showed that false identification errors were more likely at the top of the list and that such errors occurred even when the correct match was present further down the list. These effects need to be studied and considered carefully, so as to optimize human decision making when using technologies such as AFIS.     

SEVERE SANCTIONS,EASY CHOICE? INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF SCHOOL SANCTIONS IN PREVENTING ADOLESCENT VIOLENT OFFENDING*

Although schools in the United States adopted harsher disciplinary policies in the early 1990s, to date, there is little evidence showing whether severe school sanctions against student misconduct prevent crime. Drawing on both deterrence and rational choice theories, we test the proposition that harsh school‐based policies against violence reduce students’ involvement in violent behavior. However, in contrast to prior research that explores the direct link between sanctions and student behavior, we emphasize the role of school sanctions in adolescent cognitive decision‐making processes, hypothesizing that school sanctions against violence condition the effect of thoughtfully reflective decision making (TRDM) on adolescent involvement in violent behavior. We use data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to test our research hypotheses. The results from a series of multilevel models show that more severe school sanctions against violence (i.e., home suspension and expulsion) disarm the process of cognitive reflection and attenuate the effect of low TRDM on violent offending.     

The Effects of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders on Institutional Misconduct Among Female Inmates

The US Sentencing Guidelines are among the most ambitious attempts in history to control sentencing discretion. However, a major sea change occurred in January of 2005, when the US Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Booker and Fanfan, that in order to be constitutional, the federal guidelines must be advisory rather than presumptive. The impact of the Booker/Fanfan decisions on interjurisdictional variation and sentencing disparity is an opportunity to examine the issue of whether the increased opportunity to sentence according to substantively rational criteria entails increased extralegal disparity. We draw on a conceptualization of courts as communities and a focal concerns model of sentencing decisions to frame expectations about federal sentencing in the wake of Booker/Fanfan. We test these expectations using USSC data on federal sentencing outcomes from four time periods: prior to the 2003 PROTECT Act, the period governed by the PROTECT Act, post-Booker/Fanfan, and post-Gall v US. In general, we find that extralegal disparity and between-district variation in the effects of extralegal factors on sentencing have not increased post-Booker and Gall. We conclude that allowing judges greater freedom to exercise substantive rationality does not necessarily result in increased extralegal disparity.     

环境法认识论上的四个“风向标”

法学界尤其是环境法学界在对环境法的基本目标、逻辑基础、基本定位、价值追求这四个方面的认识问题上存在着较大的分歧.即:环境法是以生态环境保护为目标的法,还是以经济发展为目标的法?是以权力为逻辑基点构建的法,还是以权利为逻辑基点构建的法?是只以当代人的利益为本位的法,还是也包括以未来世代人的利益为本位的法?是以人类利益中心主义为核心价值观的法,还是以生态利益整体主义为核心价值观的法,还是以相对人类利益中心主义兼顾生态整体利益为核心价值观的法?尽管目前世界环境保护活动带有社会实验的性质,但这四个认识上的分歧在相当程度上影响着环境法的未来发展方向或路径,因而成为影响或决定环境法未来发展方向或路径的四个“风向标”.就这四个“风向标”而言,环境法应该是以生态环境保护为基本目标的法、以公民环境权为逻辑基点构建起来的法、以当代与未来世代人的利益为本位的法以及以相对人类利益中心主义兼顾生态整体利益为核心价值观的法.     

法律渊源词义考

The phrase "source of law" originated from the phrase" fons juris” in Roman law. In ancient Ureece there was no such conception as source of law, only an early idea of the origin of law, mainly because the legal profession had not come into existence. The Roman concept of fons juris was born from legal practice, which originally meant the forum where judges selected and found rules to resolve disputes. In the Middle Ages Western Europeans inherited some of the ideas of Roman f ons juris and developed them in their own way. In the Modern times, the concept of the source of law was changed because the statute law became the only form of law as the result of the rise of rationalism, the establishment of nation states and the separation of powers. The modern codification movement only changed the forms of the source of law, not the concept of the source of law. To define the concept of the source of law, one needs to understand exactly what is meant by "law" and“source" in the phrase‘fons j uris’.In short, the source of law is a gathering of diversified norms, from which judges find what they need to decide cases.     

A Decision Tree for Nonmetric Sex Assessment from the Skull

This study uses five well‐documented cranial nonmetric traits (glabella, mastoid process, mental eminence, supraorbital margin, and nuchal crest) and one additional trait (zygomatic extension) to develop a validated decision tree for sex assessment. The decision tree was built and cross‐validated on a sample of 293 U.S. White individuals from the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection. Ordinal scores from the six traits were analyzed using the partition modeling option in JMP Pro 12. A holdout sample of 50 skulls was used to test the model. The most accurate decision tree includes three variables: glabella, zygomatic extension, and mastoid process. This decision tree yielded 93.5% accuracy on the training sample, 94% on the cross‐validated sample, and 96% on a holdout validation sample. Linear weighted kappa statistics indicate acceptable agreement among observers for these variables. Mental eminence should be avoided, and definitions and figures should be referenced carefully to score nonmetric traits.