国内行政决策成本研究综述

基于对近十年关于行政决策成本文献的梳理,分析了行政决策成本的内容、过高的原因和影响行政决策成本的因素,指出了优化行政决策成本的途径。与此同时,提出了一些有待解决的问题,尤其是理清了行政决策成本与政府行政成本的关系,指出了行政决策成本不仅是政府行政成本的重要组成部分,它本身也作为一个整体存在,影响着政府行政成本。     

宪法判断的正当化功能

对特定国家行为的合宪性作出具有法律效力的宪法判断,有助于实现基本权利的保障和法律体系的统一。除此之外,对国家行为的正当化也是宪法判断所能实现的一个重要功能。宪法是法律体系的正当性基础,通过对法律规范作出合宪判断,可以直接强化其宪法上的正当性,而即便是违宪判断,通过法律技术的运用和处理,也可以实现对特定法律规范或国家行为的正当化功能。     

Which decision‐making arrangements generate the strongest legitimacy beliefs? Evidence from a randomised field experiment

How can democracies satisfy citizens' demands for legitimate decision making? This article reports findings from a randomised field experiment designed to mimic decision making in large‐scale democracies. Natural collectives of individuals with a shared history and future (high school classes) were studied. They were asked to make a decision about how to spend a sum of money under arrangements imposed by the researchers and distributed randomly across classes. Within this setting, empirical support for three ideas about legitimacy enhancing decision‐making arrangements is tested: participatory constitution‐making; personal involvement in the decision‐making process; and fairness in the implementation of arrangements. Throughout the analyses it was found that personal involvement is the main factor generating legitimacy beliefs.     

Human Factors Effecting Forensic Decision Making: Workplace Stress and Well‐being

Over the past decade, there has been a growing openness about the importance of human factors in forensic work. However, most of it focused on cognitive bias, and neglected issues of workplace wellness and stress. Forensic scientists work in a dynamic environment that includes common workplace pressures such as workload volume, tight deadlines, lack of advancement, number of working hours, low salary, technology distractions, and fluctuating priorities. However, in addition, forensic scientists also encounter a number of industry‐specific pressures, such as technique criticism, repeated exposure to crime scenes or horrific case details, access to funding, working in an adversarial legal system, and zero tolerance for “errors”. Thus, stress is an important human factor to mitigate for overall error management, productivity and decision quality (not to mention the well‐being of the examiners themselves). Techniques such as mindfulness can become powerful tools to enhance work and decision quality.     

Caught in the Act: States Doing Some Things Right in Juvenile Justice

Bashing of juvenile justice systems in the United States is commonplace. We wondered if this is justified. As a product of our everyday practice and academic assessment, this article draws attention to salutary developments on several fronts, including reduced confinement, systematic assessment of child risks and needs, including use of structured decision‐making tools, evidence based services, and construction of comprehensive service plans. Our goal is to draw attention to best practices such as these that can lead to further advancements in juvenile justice systems.     

Fleeting fame under the Trademark Dilution Revision Act of 2006

Legal context: When Congress enacted the Federal Trademark Dilution Act in1996, it intended to create a uniform federal cause of actionfor trade mark dilution. Unfortunately, the statutory languageselected by Congress created certain ambiguities, includinghow famous a trade mark had to be to merit dilution protectionunder the statute. Confusion developed as to whether a markmerely needed renown in a limited geographic area or industry—aconcept that became known as ‘niche fame’—orwhether it needed national renown to qualify as a ‘famousmark’. Key points: In 2006, Congress enacted the Trademark Dilution Revision Actand therein provided a concrete definition for a famous markthat ostensibly removed the ability to qualify for dilutionrelief where the mark was famous only within a particular niche.It was uncertain how courts that had previously favoured theniche fame theory would apply Congress's new definition. However,a district court in the Ninth Circuit, one of the strongestproponents of niche fame, recently held that niche fame is nolonger a viable theory under the Lanham Act or California statelaw as a result of the 2006 amendment. Practical significance: This decision portends that courts will fall in line with Congress'samendment and will deny dilution relief under federal law toparties whose marks are famous only in a particular geographicarea or industry. Additionally, the decision provides some guidanceand predictability as to how states may interpret the viabilityof niche fame under their respective dilution statutes in lightof Congress's 2006 amendment.     

我国行政决策体制中存在的问题及改进途径

行政决策体制是政府正确行使决策职能,进行科学决策的组织保证。我国行政决策体制存在决策运作不完全符合宪政要求,决策系统运作规则不健全,决策制度缺乏整体配套性,决策程序不规范,决策失误的法律责任追究制度缺失等弊端。改进和完善我国行政决策体制,要从提高行政决策子系统、信息子系统、参谋咨询子系统、监控子系统职能角度出发,合理划分权力结构,加强体制内外政策研究机构和智囊组织建设,建立健全监督决策机制,提高情报信息系统的处理分析能力,努力推进行政决策的科学化、民主化。     

论我国刑事审判中法官的职权

人们似乎将刑事审判模式与法官职权的大小简单地等同起来。其实不然,刑事审判模式的核心特征是庭审中法官对哪些事项具有决定权。因此有必要结合刑事审判模式的转型,思考如何对法官职权进行合理的配置。     

董事会集体决策优于主要经营者一人决策的数学论证

公司董事会集体决策明显优于主要经营者一人决策,这不仅已被西方国家历时400年之久的公司制实践反复证明,而且也可用数学模型来分析论证。本文综合运用数学上的排列组合理论和古典概率理论,证明了公司经营决策的正确率,随着决策参加者人数的增加而相应提高。同时,考虑到董事人数增加导致公司代理成本增加,因而使公司绩效相应减少这一因素,再结合现代各国公司治理的经验,本文得出了董事会的合理规模应在10人左右的重要结论。本文还揭示了该问题的政治学意义。     

领导决策趋同化的表现、成因及对策

产业结构趋同化归根到底是由领导思维方式的趋同化造成的.因此,克服领导决策中的趋同化现象,必须从转变领导干部的思维方式入手.