村民自治内在机制重新法律定位探讨

村民自治的现时法律从《宪法》和《村民委员会组织法》两个层面对村民自治的内在机制进行了明确规定。但是这些规定存在缺陷,尤其是把"四个民主"权利等量齐观。对村民自治内在机制重新进行法律定位是必要的,可以考虑从宪法和基本法律(或者非基本法律)两个层面进行更新:界定村民自治的区域范围和对象范围———具有土地等自然资源集体所有权为限的区域和居住区域作为区域范围,"村民自我管理、自我教育、自我服务"作为对象范围;确立村民自治的基本原则———自治、直接民主、法治原则;以民主决策、民主管理制度为中心进行村民自治立法。     

我国行政决策回应机制建设途径探索

提高行政决策的水平和决策效率,实现行政决策的科学化、民主化,关 键在于改革和完善行政决策体制,提高政府的回应能力。知识经济的发展,要求建立行 政决策回应机制。我国行政决策回应机制建设的基本路径:一是要树立"与民决策"和 "让民决策"的观念,二是要加强回应制度建设,三是要加强回应载体建设。     

Religious Characteristics and the Death Penalty

Using one mock trial scenario, this study investigated whether religious and demographic factors were related to death penalty attitudes and sentencing verdicts. Those who favored the death penalty differed from those who had doubts about the penalty in gender, affiliation, fundamentalism, evangelism, literal Biblical interpretism, beliefs about God’s attitudes toward murders, and perceptions of how their religious groups felt about the death penalty. These relationships generally held after mock jurors were death qualified. Gender, fundamentalism, literal interpretism, beliefs about God’s death penalty position, and perceptions of how one’s religious group felt about the death penalty predicted death penalty sentencing verdicts. Future research could determine whether using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors based on religion can help lawyers choose a more favorable jury. The present research was supported by the National Science Foundation award number 0351811, the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, the American Psychology-Law Society, and the University of Nebraska Law-Psychology Program. This research was presented at the 2006 conference of the American Psychology-Law Society. The authors are grateful for the research assistance of Nick Fanning and Beth Herschlag and for the helpful comments from Brian Bornstein, Rich Wiener, Bob Schopp, Dick Dienstbier, and several anonymous reviewers.     

对职务犯罪案件审查逮捕程序改革与完善的思考

职务犯罪案件审查决定逮捕权"上提一级",是加强自身监督、规范检察权行使、促进检察工作科学发展的重要内容。改革后取得了强化监督的效果,但也暴露办案期限紧张、附条件逮捕缺乏法律依据、听取律师意见程序有待细化、不服逮捕缺乏救济等问题。因此有必要进行立法建言和制度改进,使改革措施落到实处,在惩治腐败与保障人权间寻求最佳平衡。     

宪法中的战争权

人民主权理论决定了战争决定权应由议会行使。战争宣布权一般属于国家元首。战争指挥权由最高行政长官掌握,是军事统帅权而不是军事统率权。战争执行权主要属于政府及其有关部门。最高军令权和军政权属于总统或首相;此外的军令权属于军官,军政权属于文官,在许多国家二者统属于国防部。在战争的决定权、宣布权、指挥权和执行权中,战争的决定权和指挥权（以及彼此的关系）是最重要的,也是宪法重点规范的对象。     

Explaining and Forecasting Leaders' Decisions: A Poliheuristic Analysis of the Iran Hostage Rescue Decision

In an increasingly dangerous world, forecasting national leaders' decisions during crises is a central concern of policy analysts. But with a wide range of specific military responses available to leaders, pinpointing a likely decision can be difficult. This essay argues that the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making is a useful tool for aiding policy analysts in forecasting the decisions of national leaders. The theory's emphasis on a noncompensatory decision dimension facilitates the elimination of many of the possible decision alternatives, reducing uncertainty. Then, surviving alternatives are weighed against additional, nontrivial dimensions, producing a likely decision. As an illustrative case, I examine Carter's decision to implement the hostage rescue mission, demonstrating that Carter ruled out alternatives that failed to satisfy criteria on the noncompensatory decision dimension—reelection. The president's final choice was selected from the remaining alternatives according to its ability to simultaneously maximize net benefits with respect to military and strategic concerns. Following a comparison of the analysis with compensatory models of decision making, I suggest a general forecasting framework rooted in the poliheuristic theory. The theory can be applied to international crises provided that policy analysts obtain information concerning (1) the leader's noncompensatory decision criteria, (2) the set of alternatives that satisfy those criteria, and (3) the expected net benefits of the remaining alternatives on other dimensions (i.e., the military and strategic dimensions).     

THE MULTILEVEL CONTEXT OF CRIMINAL SENTENCING: INTEGRATING JUDGE‐ AND COUNTY‐LEVEL INFLUENCES*

This study extends recent inquiries of contextual effects in sentencing by jointly examining the influence of judge and courtroom social contexts. It combines two recent years of individual sentencing data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (PCS) with data on judicial background characteristics and county court social contexts. Three‐level hierarchical models are estimated to investigate the influence of judge and county contexts on individual variations in sentencing. Results indicate that nontrivial sentencing variations are associated with both individual judge characteristics and county court contexts. Judicial background factors also condition the influence of individual offender characteristics in important ways. These and other findings are discussed in relation to contemporary theoretical perspectives on courtroom decision making that highlight the importance of both judge and court contexts in sentencing. The study concludes with suggestions for future research on contextual disparities in criminal sentencing.     

论税收筹划的策略

税收筹划是企业为了实现收益最大化,对涉及税收的经济事项进行预先安排,在税法允许的范围内规避部分纳税义务,尽可能节约税款,获得最大的税收利益。企业税收筹划可从企业组建、投资决策、筹资方式、购置设备、生产经营等方面谋求税收筹划的策略,为投资者提供决策参考。     

论行政决策的竞争机制

由于存在着行政决策中的“二律背反”现象 ,利益偏好、情感倾向和认识能力对决策可能产生不良影响 ,因此 ,应当建立行政决策竞争机制。为使这一竞争机制顺利实施 ,政府需要设计一个开放的行政决策系统和法制化的决策环境 ,强化对行政决策竞争机制的监督。     

我国政府决策的责任分析

决策是政府行使其管理职能的首要环节。近年来,我国政府在推进政府决策科学化、民主化的过程中,逐步建立起了政府公共决策的报告制度、评估制度等制度体系,取得了一定成效。但是,按照社会主义政治文明建设与和谐社会目标的要求,我国政府决策依然存在着一些问题。为了解决这些问题,更好地为社会主义市场经济建设和政治体制改革服务,构建政府决策的责任机制已势在必行。