存在第三方合作的政府资助发明的权利归属——兼评斯坦福诉罗氏侵犯专利权案

斯坦福大学诉罗氏公司侵犯专利权案是围绕存在第三方合作的政府资助发明的权利归属问题展开的讨论。本案的发生引发对《拜杜法案》和《专利法》中发明人转让专利的优先性问题的思考。虽然我国的职务发明制度与美国不同,但是本案的发生对我国解决存在第三方合作的政府资助发明的权利归属问题提供了借鉴。     

以乡镇为战略重点的城乡一体化模式研究

城乡一体化是一项社会发展的长期战略,科学确定其战略重点要考虑现实的客观性。乡镇作为城乡一体化的战略重点,发展模式也会表现出显著的多样性,应该全方位推进各项工作的开展。     

论优先权性质的界定及其价值

优先权是指特定债权人基于法律的直接规定而享有的就债务人的总财产或者特定动产、不动产的价值优先受偿的权利.对优先权定性不能仅仅从某一方面或某些方面为之,无论是从优先权的起源、历史沿革、各个国家对该权利的立法态度及目前该权利适用的情况等方面考察,还是从优先权与抵押权、质权和留置权等担保物权相比较分析,及对该权利的价值基础、制度功能等方面进行研究,均可得出优先权是担保物权的结论.科学界定优先权的性质,对于我国建立统一、完善的优先权制度具有重大的理论价值,是解决相关理论困境的基点、我国优先权制度设计的基础及司法实践中解决权利冲突的标尺.     

如何理解《物权法》第199条

《物权法》关于抵押权的设立采取了二元化的立法模式。在登记生效主义立法模式下,只有"须经登记"的抵押权;在登记对抗主义立法模式下,则有"经登记"的抵押权和"未经登记"的抵押权。如何确立"须经登记"的抵押权、"经登记"的抵押权和"未经登记"的抵押权之间的优先受偿顺位规则,《物权法》第199条在修正和继承其前身中非但没有趋于精致,而且失之错误。对其不足,应在说理的基础上适时予以修正。     

"效率优先,兼顾公平":历史与现实之评述

13年前中共十四届三中全会提出的“效率优先,兼顾公平,”其实质体现的是新旧体制的转换,是用机会均等的公平观对结果均等的公平观的取代。这一提法具有很强的历史和现实合理性。在实践中,我们存在的问题是没有认真落实“兼顾公平”。目前,为了解决严重的分配不公,我们必须更加重视公平。但在很长历史时期,作为战略方针的“效率优先”不能因目前更加重视公平的潮流而牺牲掉。可以说,以经济发展为基础,在效率与公平之间保持适度关系,应当是我们寻找社会主义市场经济体制下制度化分配的指导思想。     

侵权债权在破产程序中的优先受偿顺位建构——基于“给最少受惠者最大利益”的考量

破产法的公平理念以及侵权债权的非自愿属性,决定侵权债权具有从现行破产法所规定的普通破产债权中分立出来,并优先于一般交易债权受偿的正当性。基于侵权债权类型化以及罗尔斯的公平的正义理念——给最少受惠者最大利益,侵权债权在区分人身侵权债权和财产侵权债权的基础上,应做以下受偿顺位安排:破产费用和公益债务之外,人身侵权债权——工资债权和社会保险费用——劳动补偿金债权——财产侵权债权——国家税收——一般交易债权。人身侵权债权甚至有可能优先于担保债权,如果担保债权的设立发生于人身侵权债权产生之后。社会强制责任保险费用债权视其保障范围可以先于人身侵权债权或财产侵权债权。     

债权的平等与优先——兼对债权平等理论的反思

我国债权平等理论中,绝对化的全部债权平等说,限缩化的普通债权平等说亦或模糊化的多数债权平等说,都没有全面地把握债权平等的实质要义。以财产不足以清偿标准为适用界线,以相同债权同等受偿为基本内容的债权平等理论重释,更利于我们清晰地认识债权平等原则。     

Journey history reconstruction from the soils and sediments on footwear: An empirical approach

The value of environmental evidence for reconstructing journey histories has significant potential given the high transferability of sediments and the interaction of footwear with the ground. The importance of empirical evidence bases to underpin the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of forensic trace materials is increasingly acknowledged. This paper presents two experimental studies designed to address the transfer and persistence of sediments on the soles of footwear in forensically relevant scenarios, by means of quartz grain surface texture analysis, a technique which has been demonstrated to be able to distinguish between samples of mixed provenance.It was identified that there is a consistent trend of transfer and persistence of sediments from hypothetical pre-, syn- and post-crime event locations across the sole of the shoe, with sediments from ‘older’ locations likely to be retained in small proportions. Furthermore, the arch of the shoe (the area of lowest foot pressure distribution) typically (but not exclusively) retained the highest proportion of grain types from previous locations including the crime scene. A lack of chronological layering of the retained sediments was observed indicating that techniques that can identify the components of mixed provenance samples are important for analysing footwear sediment samples. It was also identified that the type of footwear appeared to have an influence on what particles were retained, with high relief soles that incorporate recessed areas being more likely to retain sediments transferred from ‘older’ locations from the journey history. In addition, the inners of footwear were found to retain sediments from multiple locations from the journey history that are less susceptible to differential loss in comparison to the outer sole. These findings provide important data that can form the basis for the effective collection, analysis and interpretation of sediments recovered from both the outer soles and inners of footwear, building on the findings of previously published studies. These data offer insights that enable inferences to be made about mixed source sediments that are identified on footwear in casework, and provide the beginnings of an empirical basis for assessing the significance of such sediment particles for a specific forensic reconstruction.     

陈云“无农不稳“、“无粮则乱“思想的深远意义

"无农不稳"、"无粮则乱",是陈云为告诫全党、全国要高度重视农业、农村、农民问题和粮食问题所作的具有深远意义的科学论断,是陈云经济思想的重要组成部分,是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想关于农业、农村、农民问题和粮食问题的继承和发展.     

试析破产企业职工工资债权清偿优先的理由及其制度设计

对破产企业银行担保物权与职工工资债权清偿先后顺序,我国赋予破产企业职工工资债权清偿优先权有充足的理由。为了实现银行与职工之间的利益平衡,我国应当在借鉴国外的“部分优先原则”的理论基础上,设计符合国情的工资债权优先权制度。