反向假冒商标行为之刑法思考

反向假冒商标问题近年来成为知识产权刑法保护中的热点问题,对其是否应当入罪争议较大。可从反向假冒商标行为的典型案例出发,对这一问题进行思考。考察反向假冒商标行为的概念、特征和国外的立法例,可将反向假冒行为进行分类。对反向假冒商标的社会危害性的厘定问题,应从企业、消费者和市场秩序三个角度出发进行分析。部分学者将反向假冒商标入罪的观点既不符合犯罪行为本身应当具有社会危害性的要求,也不符合刑法的谦抑性价值目标。     

高空抛物致人损害的实务研究和立法评析

侵权责任法出台前,高空抛物致人损害案件的司法审判面临两难：判决由建筑物使用人分担责任,或由物业管理公司承担部分责任缺乏明确法律依据,而裁定驳回原告起诉又将使法院面临巨大社会压力。2009年12月26日,全国人大常委会第十二次会议通过的侵权责任法,明确此类案件由可能加害的建筑物使用人分担责任。这一规定,作者认为虽对司法审判实践有所裨益,但在理论上值得质疑。     

法益理论的发展源流及其启示

法益概念的产生对大陆法系国家刑法理论的发展有重大的意义。法益理论在不同的历史时期被赋予不同的内容。自由主义始终是法益概念的精神内核,坚持法益论就必须坚持刑法的个人主义与规范主义。基本法实现了法益概念规范性与非规范性之间的平衡,现代刑法必须强调宪法的重要作用。宪法和刑法规定是对刑法保护客体的规范限制,此外,刑法的谦抑性原则及实害原则也是对刑法保护客体的重要的限制原则。     

科技扶贫开发的激励政策构建

激励政策是推进科技扶贫开发的有效保障。目前,我国科技扶贫开发的激励政策还较为缺乏,很大程度上影响了科技扶贫开发的推进,准确分析、科学设置、建立健全科技扶贫开发激励政策,显得尤为重要。     

自杀的认定及其相关行为的刑法评价

刑法中认定自杀有主客观两方面要求。在主观方面,被害人不仅应当认识到并且意欲死亡结果发生,而且必须自愿地、也即自主决定地选择了死亡。对于自愿性的判断应当以有效承诺的主观要件为标准。重大的动机错误同样导致不能成立自杀。此外,被害人还必须客观上事实性地支配着直接导致死亡的行为,在将不可逆转地造成死亡结果的最后关键时刻自己控制着事态的发展。自杀本身并非刑事不法行为,教唆或帮助自杀、对自杀者不予救助或者过失导致他人自杀等自杀相关行为也不应受到刑事处罚。     

In Search of the Missing Link: Examining Contextual Variation in Federal Charge Bargains across U.S. District Courts

Abstract

Punishment scholars acknowledge the fundamental importance of both prosecutorial discretion and jurisdictional variation in punishment; yet, little is known about the extent to which charging practices vary across court contexts. This is especially true in the federal criminal justice system. This research investigates this issue by linking four years of charging data from the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts (AOUSC) to corresponding data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission (USSC). It incorporates unique information on district court contexts from a variety of sources to investigate jurisdictional variation in charge reductions. Findings provide evidence that federal charging practices vary across district courts. In particular, several structural court characteristics are significantly related to the likelihood of charge reduction for similarly-situated defendants. Results from this study are interpreted through the lens of contemporary legal perspectives on court communities and suggest several fruitful directions for additional research on the social contexts of criminal prosecution.     

减免税立法之完善

清理越权减免税,仅仅是完善减免税制度的第一步。减免税制度的完善依赖于减免税立法之完善。从立宪主义的观点出发,本文从税收的宪法性依据、立法法修改、税收基本法制定、授权立法的角度分析了减免税立法完善之制度设计,并从预算法的角度分析了如何对减免税立法进行完善。     

The economics of environmental law enforcement: end-of-life vehicles

Abandoned End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) have been an environmental concern for a long time in a number of countries. This article examines different ways to address the issue by changing the incentive structure for agents. Following (Polinsky A. M., & Shavell, S. (2000). The Economic theory of public enforcement of law. Journal of Economic Literature, 38, 45–76.) a model is used to compare a fine-based system with a deposit-refund system; a combination of the two is then considered. It is shown that when the environmental harm is relatively low and constant, a deposit-refund system is preferred. When cases of high environmental harm are included, the optimal choice would be a combined system.      

Shared Services and Cost Reduction Motive in the Public Sector

The intention of this article is to understand whether and how shared service centers can help reduce costs in the public sector context. We identify the sources of cost reduction for shared service centers and discuss the obstacles to making use of them. In order to illustrate and complement the theoretical discussion and the literature review, empirical insights from two Estonian cases are provided. The case studies indicate that when the context is enabling, shared service centers can help reduce back-office headcount. However, the total costs and benefits of the public-sector shared service centers are not calculated and remain unknown.     

The effect of logistic services on the watermelon value chain in Tanzania

This article reports on a study that aimed to understand the effects for poverty reduction of the link between logistic services and cost of the watermelon value chain in Rufiji and Mkuranga districts in Tanzania. Structured questionnaires and FGDs were used to collect data from 251 respondents. Findings revealed that transport cost, storage cost, purchase cost, and logistics service have strong significant effect on the watermelon value chain cost. Based on the findings, the study recommended the use of affordable methods of storage, opening agro-input shops in villages, and the development of a favourable environment for watermelon businesses, to help reduce chain cost.