Female entrepreneurs and poverty reduction: hair craft SMEs in Tanzania

This study attempts to link poverty alleviation with specific sectors and gender in the context of a developing country, focusing on, female hairstylists in Tanzania. Using the absolute definition of poverty based on income/consumption in relation to specific nationally and internationally defined living standards, the study examined the income and consumption patterns of 230 women engaged in the hairstyling business in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Findings suggest that female entrepreneurs in the business earn more relative to conventionally defined indicators. Their earnings have improved their consumption, investments and savings, and enabled them to fulfil their dependents’ basic needs.     

The pedagogy of listening

A great deal of participatory development literature emphasises the bottom-up production of citizen’s voices and their incorporation into policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation. Rarely do we hear of emphases on the question of listening, much as there exists a body of knowledge on integrating what experts consider to be the views and opinions of local people in the creation of socio-economic policies. This viewpoint outlines the kind of listening that builds on three key issues that emanate from Paulo Freire’s idea of listening as both a virtue and practice of tolerance. The major contention is that as development practitioners, we need to build our abilities and capacities to practise all the three forms of listening if we are to work with others in designing and implementing policies that improve lives and communities.     

Supporting farmer participation in formal seed systems: lessons from Tharaka,Kenya

This article examines contemporary challenges of formal seed sector participation for resource-poor farmers in Tharaka and engages in a wider discussion of national seed policy and formal seed sector development in Kenya. While many farmers reported utilising modern seed varieties developed by the formal seed sector, the majority of these were introduced through seed aid and maintained through seed saving, supporting seed system integration strategies. Building on these findings, the article discusses ways in which national seed policy in Kenya might be refined to better meet national and regional development goals focused on decreasing the incidence of hunger and poverty.     

The power of small-scale solar: gender,energy poverty,and entrepreneurship in Tanzania

Energy poverty is a major challenge in the developing world, with an estimated 1.2 billion people lacking household electricity. Although energy poverty affects both men and women, the burden of household energy supply disproportionately affects women in low-income countries in the developing world. This article examines the impact of a women-oriented solar lighting social enterprise, Solar Sister, in Tanzania for both solar entrepreneurs and customers, demonstrating that solar lanterns positively impact household savings, health, education and women’s economic productivity and empowerment. Our study argues that Solar Sister’s approach is successful because of its explicit gender lens. Providing energy access to women translates to a pro-woman, pro-child, and pro-family development intervention.     

完善袭警犯罪刑法规制的构想

袭警犯罪行为不仅严重损害了警察机关和警察的执法权威与尊严,也侵犯了警察个人的合法权益,而且袭警事件的屡禁不止还容易助长犯罪分子的嚣张气焰,降低人民群众的安全感。司法实践中,袭警犯罪行为一般按照妨害公务罪、故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪等犯罪论处,这样的刑法评价无法从根本上揭示出袭警犯罪的严重社会危害性。为此,应当完善刑事立法,增加袭警罪,加大对该种犯罪的打击力度。     

法益衡量中的事实还原运用——刑法解释的视角

法益衡量在刑法解释中具有确保法律合法化的重要价值,法益衡量对个罪保护法益的甄别、权衡与比较,必须借助事实还原来完成.事实还原立足于对刑法规范赖以建构的立法事实是否在客观上具有真实性、在规范上具有价值性或在法秩序上具有必要性的判断,以为法益衡量提供判断标准.刑法解释立足于法益衡量把法律代入充满个性的案件事实中,以之来检视...     

论对服刑人员的挫折教育

服刑人员在关押过程中极易产生有别于普通人群的挫折心理，不仅危害其身心健康，更容易导致监狱化人格，加剧了其再社会化的难度、削弱了教育矫正的效果。监狱及社会应关注服刑人员的心理健康问题，在保证刑罚惩罚性的前提下，改善对服刑人员的处遇方式，积极探索心理健康教育模式和心理矫治模式，转交教育观念，提高服刑人员的抗挫折能力，培养服刑人员的健全人格。     

Can Us-Type Court Management Approaches Work In Civil Law Systems? Experiences From The Balkans And Beyond

The benefit of applying modern management approaches to court operations to ensuring access to justice, timely and transparent dispositions, and increased public trust in courts is recognized in many countries. In the USA, the art of applying modern management techniques to court operations has evolved over the past 30 years into a now solidly established profession. Since the underlying principles and techniques of modern court management, such as case flow management, goal-oriented performance measures, workload assessments, customer surveys, etc., are derived from general management concepts they are not tied to a particular legal system or framework and can be successfully applied in non-US systems if they are properly adjusted. Interested in the positive results of court management in the USA, researchers and practitioners in several European countries have been looking at the applicability of the approaches used in the USA to improve their own ability to manage court processes more efficiently.Since court management has become a main staple of reforming court operations in the USA, it is not surprising that US-funded development assistance in the Balkan states and other countries often involves transferring court management US-style into the newly evolving democracies as part of rule of law or commercial sector development assistance. These projects frequently introduce, among others, case flow management techniques that sometimes seem to be in conflict with underlying legal principles or procedural laws, and often defy the local legal culture. The US-funded assistance programs are often introduced parallel to efforts funded by European and other donors, which may take and suggest different approaches to the host country. As a result, confusion and insecurity about which approaches are appropriate for a particular country can arise and impede much needed reforms or lead to legislative and regulatory changes that do not mesh well or even conflict with other parts of the legal framework.This article reviews the role of US-based court management approaches in recent court reform efforts under way in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia and, in light of lessons learned there and in other countries, assesses the reform processes applied and their status. It also outlines how these court management approaches fit into non-US court systems, how they can be adjusted according to individual country needs and what the main obstacles are that such reform efforts generally face.     

家庭暴力法医学鉴定64例分析——兼论家庭暴力的危害和对策

64例家庭暴力中因丈夫施暴致妻子损伤的法医学鉴定结果资料显示,暴力类型以拳打脚踢为主(53.13%),受伤妇女损伤类型以软组织伤为主(42.18%),受伤部位以头部(53.13%)及四肢(21.88%)为主.根据法医学鉴定与家庭暴力受损伤妇女的关系可分析出家庭暴力的危害性以及采取对策,法医鉴定工作能为受害妇女提供必要的法律服务,从而使广大受害妇女的合法权益得到充公保障.     

未成年人侵害未成年人犯罪的特点、成因和对策

近年来,我国未成年犯罪案件不断攀升,而且在不断地向低龄化发展,不仅影响到家庭的和谐而且对社会的稳定和长治久安均构成了潜在的威胁,严重地影响和谐社会的建设,已引起了高层的关注。在大量的未成年人犯罪案件中,未成年人侵害未成人权益的犯罪案件的比重逐渐增加,许多少年犯就是以他们的同龄人或低龄人作为作案的对象。本文从未成年人侵害未成年人犯罪的特点、产生的原因、综合治理的对象等方面进行了简要论述。