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611.
王雨磊 《政法学刊》2011,28(6):88-91
制度成本是相对于生产成本和交易成本而言的,与制度发生关系时遵守制度、达到自己制度化目标的代价称之为制度成本。制度成本包括信任成本、遵守成本、沟通成本、诉求成本。群体性事件的发生就在于制度成本过高以至于个体难以承担,所以减少群体性事件的方法即在于降低制度成本。  相似文献   
612.
    
This study was driven by court order to examine methods to remove, extract, and STR‐type potential DNA entrapped between latent fingerprint lifting tape and matte acetate that was collected from a 1977 crime scene. Results indicate that recovery of appreciable quantities of DNA is more challenging once adhesive is attached to matte acetate cards and even more difficult when fixed following black powder enhancement. STR amplification of extracts from entrapped fingermarks collected following the dusting/lifting procedure did not produce robust profiles, and extraneous peaks not expressed by print donors were detected for some samples. A hearing was set to argue whether there was DNA remaining to be tested, and if so, whether that DNA could be exculpatory in this postconviction matter. The studies herein provided the basis for the court's decision to not require the testing.  相似文献   
613.
This study aims to improve theoretical accounts of regulatory responses to emerging technologies by proposing a model of regulatory development, which incorporates a role for types of uncertainty and for existing regulatory institutions. Differently from existing theories of regulatory development, the model proposed here posits a sequence of cyclical activities where regulatory responses arise in incremental fashion out of efforts to make sense of emerging technologies and to ponder the applicability of existing regulatory tools. The model is discussed on the basis of the comparison between regulatory responses to the emergence of CRISPR gene editing in the US and the EU in the period 2012–2019. The comparison between the two cases suggests how regulatory responses to emerging technologies are affected by expectations of future technological and regulatory developments and by existing regulatory institutions.  相似文献   
614.
    
The year 2015 witnessed a bifurcated direction for BRICS and emerging economies: all BRICS members' economic growth slowed or stagnated, resulting in more gloomy forecasts for the future. But at the same time, the New Development Bank was set up. The progress of the preliminary institutionalization of the BRICS was mainly driven by China and Russia, which reflected their strong desire to advance a multilateral world order, and to form a new power base for the non-Western countries. The further substantial development of the BRICS depends upon its capability to overcome the structural obstacles among the five countries, amongst which the huge discrepancy between the economies and the heterogeneous nature of the membership are the most prominent ones.  相似文献   
615.
    
Using data from Japanese municipalities, this article analyzes the impact of institutional reform processes on the average winning bid for municipal public procurement. The results are (1) the general competitive bidding method led to a decrease in the average winning bid, and (2) bidding reform itself led to a decrease in the average winning bid. The former is a factor that results from the competition function, and the latter is an authority's commitment factor, which is rooted in an aggressive atmosphere for efficiency through the reformed bidding system; this factor is similar to the “Hawthorne Effect,” in which changes in businesses’ behavior during the course of a particular term may be related only to the special social situation, and social treatment that they encountered.  相似文献   
616.
我国公共政策执行阻滞的制度因素分析及对策探讨   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
刘淑影  于芳 《桂海论丛》2006,22(2):39-42
由于各种主客观因素的影响,公共政策在执行过程中往往容易出现阻滞现象,严重影响政策目标的有效实现。从正式制度和非正式制度两个向度分析执行阻滞产生的深层次原因,并着重从权力配置、监控制度、沟通机制、意识形态投入等角度探讨解决对策,不啻为克服公共政策执行阻滞的有效的路径选择。  相似文献   
617.
旧的暗箱式复查方式存在很多弊端,改革势在必行.复查听证是提高案件复查透明度、确保诉讼公正的行之有效的程序.将听证运用于复查程序是审判方式改革的一项崭新尝试,还需在实践中不断予以完善和发展.  相似文献   
618.
科技创新是推动经济发展的原动力 ,体制创新对科技创新的作用具有倍增效应。因而 ,“十五”时期 ,要以企业为主体、以人为本 ,加大投入 ,深化改革 ,充分发挥好科技创新和体制创新这两个动力的作用  相似文献   
619.
听证制度是行政程序法中的核心制度 ,价格听证会将这一制度落到了实处。听证的本质在于赋予行政相对方程序性权利。完善我国的行政听证制度 ,要扩大听证适用以及行政参加人的范围 ,并需采用适当的听证方式。  相似文献   
620.
二板市场是主板市场之外的市场 ,其设立的意义在于为具有高成长性的中小企业和高新技术企业提供集资途径 ;二板市场的建立需风险资本市场、保荐人制度、独立董事制度、信息披露制度、股权全流通制度等一系列相关制度的支持 ;目前我国建立二板市场存在若干公司法障碍  相似文献   
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