论海上保险中的“仓至仓”条款与中国保险利益界定原则之冲突及对策

海上保险中“仓至仓”条款是保险人通用的海上货物运输保险责任期间条款，保险利益界定原则是保险赔偿在买卖双方之间的限定原则，其宗旨为防止“道德风险”。中国目前以风险承担界定买卖双方之间的保险利益。针对两者存在冲突而导致买卖双方均无法索赔的不合理现象，深入分析两者冲突的情形、原因、现有界定原则的法律依据、中国保险利益的含义，对现有界定原则予以质疑并提出对策，认为应当以实际损失承担界定买卖双方之间的保险利益。     

侵犯商业秘密罪的立法定位与司法认定

商业秘密在刑法中与在民商法、经济法中有不同的定位,基于刑法谦抑性,应对刑法中的商业秘密进行严格解释。刑法与民法是站在不同的立场,出于不同的目的看待损失的,在侵犯商业秘密罪中,重大损失认定的依据应以侵权获利额为原则,业秘密罪中常见的犯罪形态,在本罪的行为模式中,外的个人也有构成单位犯罪的可能。特殊情况下可参考许可使用费。单位犯罪是侵犯商个人的侵权行为与单位的行为具有对向性,单位之     

英国法下海盗行为及海盗赎金的评析与最新发展

在向海盗支付大笔赎金后,被海盗劫持的船舶、货物和船员通常会得到释放。支付赎金似乎成为当前解决海盗劫持最不得已却最有效的手段。因此,有关海盗赎金的法律性质也就日渐成为国际社会,特别是船东、货主和保险人关注的焦点。作为一个航运法律强国,英国显然在认定海盗行为和海盗赎金的法律性质上走在了海运国家的前列。因此,了解英国保险法下对海盗行为及海盗赎金的认定对于中国航运法律与实务大有裨益。根据英国上诉法院在2011年初对the“Masefield v．Amlin”案的二审判决,对包括海盗赎金的合法性和公共政策,在海盗劫持下的财产是否构成全损,以及是否可以将海盗赎金认定为共同海损抑或是施救费用等问题加以分析和阐述。     

虚拟社会引发的安全问题及综合管控对策研究

随着计算机网络技术的不断普及和发展,虚拟社会已经成为人类社会的一个重要活动场所,为了进一步规范虚拟社会的秩序,文章深入剖析了由虚拟社会引发社会安全隐患问题,并提出具有建设性意义的三种应对措施,即建立实名制上网制度、备案举报制度、网上巡逻制度。     

从公信力建设入手提高政府社会管理水平

政府公信力是提高政府社会管理水平的必然要求。由于受诸多因素影响,当前我国政府的公信力呈现流失趋势,并已成为限制社会管理水平提高的重要瓶颈。因此,在社会转型深化的关键时期,重塑政府公信力成为提高我国政府社会管理水平的重要途径。     

Comparative Forensic Soil Analysis of New Jersey State Parks Using a Combination of Simple Techniques with Multivariate Statistics,

This study has shown that the combination of simple techniques with the use of multivariate statistics offers the potential for the comparative analysis of soil samples. Five samples were obtained from each of twelve state parks across New Jersey in both the summer and fall seasons. Each sample was examined using particle‐size distribution, pH analysis in both water and 1 M CaCl₂, and a loss on ignition technique. Data from each of the techniques were combined, and principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) were used for multivariate data transformation. Samples from different locations could be visually differentiated from one another using these multivariate plots. Hold‐one‐out cross‐validation analysis showed error rates as low as 3.33%. Ten blind study samples were analyzed resulting in no misclassifications using Mahalanobis distance calculations and visual examinations of multivariate plots. Seasonal variation was minimal between corresponding samples, suggesting potential success in forensic applications.     

The taphonomic impact of scavenger guilds in peri-urban and rural regions of central and southern Alberta. Part I – Identification of forensically relevant vertebrate scavengers

As a body decomposes in an outdoor environment, numerous taphonomic agents can act on the process of human decomposition. It is important to understand the impact of these agents as they can vary the rate of soft and hard tissue loss which may alter postmortem interval estimations. One taphonomic factor which has not been extensively investigated in many regions of the world, including Canada, are vertebrate scavengers. The current study aimed to identify scavenger guilds in the peri-urban and rural regions of two major cities in Alberta (Calgary and Edmonton) where human remains are frequently located. Vertebrate scavenger activity was recorded continuously using cellular and noncellular trail cameras. Images were analyzed to determine how the scavenging profiles (i.e., scavenger species, arrival time, and feeding behavior) impacted the loss of soft and hard tissue. We identified a range of mammalian and avian scavengers and found that coyote and black-billed magpie were the predominant scavengers recorded at the Edmonton peri-urban and rural sites, and the Calgary peri-urban sites. In contrast, when a site was within bear territory such as the Calgary rural sites, black and grizzly bears were the predominant scavengers. At all sites, the large mammalian scavengers were responsible for most soft tissue loss and subsequent hard tissue dispersal. None of the scavengers demonstrated a clear preference for open versus closed sites. This taphonomic information is important to consider when searching for human remains at these locations or in other North American regions with comparable scavenger guilds.     

作为债之独立类型的法定补偿义务

在公法和社会法领域内,法定补偿义务作为债的独立类型由来已久。但就法定补偿义务可否作为私法上独立类型之债,与合同之债、侵权之债、不当得利之债、无因管理之债等并身而立,民法学界远未达成共识。若从解释论角度出发进行分析,侵权责任法若干条款规定的补偿义务、"分担损失"规则以及"有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的,从本人财产中支付赔偿费用"等,都属有关法定补偿义务的规定。它们与民法通则及最高人民法院相关司法解释确认的法定补偿义务一起,构成我国民法中独立类型之债。在我国的责任保险制度尚不发达,社会保障制度还远未健全的背景下,如果法定补偿义务制度运用得当,无疑可在一定程度上济侵权损害赔偿责任制度之穷。     

Stress-related temporary hearing loss--evaluation of bio-humoral parameters: forensic and criminological applications

The body-alarm reaction results from the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can lead to physio-psychological phenomena such as an exclusion/occlusion of the sense of hearing. One hypothesis to explain this alteration consists in a hydromechanical dysfunction of the internal ear attributable to antidiuretic hormone. In this study, we evaluated the perception of acoustic stimuli administered in stressful conditions in 14 phobic patients and in 20 healthy subjects, in order to assess the influence of stress on perceiving capabilities. We also measured the concentration of salivary cortisol and IL-1β and neurovegetative parameters to objectivise and quantify the physiological reactions. Our results show a worse perception of the frequencies of the human voice under stress; these findings could have a dual value: in the legal field, concerning criminal liability, and on the operative context, regarding the efficiency of verbal communication among law enforcement officers in situations inducing intense emotional stress.     

侵权法的发展对船舶碰撞法律制度的影响

当代侵权法的发展,必然对海上侵权法律制度产生重要影响,特别是《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》创新的制度设计,对船舶碰撞法律制度提出了许多值得思考的问题。这其中包括:船舶碰撞行为主体的认定;判断碰撞责任主体的标准;碰撞行为与碰撞责任的分离;船舶碰撞三要件说;船舶碰撞的补救原则——救济性;船舶碰撞的救济范围——权益扩大,但不赔偿纯经济损失;船舶碰撞的连带责任——客观共同侵权;人命优位权的问题。