Risk Factors and Pathways to Imprisonment among Incarcerated Women in Victoria, 1860–1920

Criminological studies have found that men’s and women’s pathways to imprisonment differ, with risk factors such as substance abuse, mental illness, socioeconomic circumstances and past victimisation more strongly associated with female prisoners. However, limited quantitative or longitudinal research exists on how the risk factors associated with female offending may have shifted over time. This article investigates the criminal careers and pathways to imprisonment of 6,042 women incarcerated in Victoria between 1860 and 1920, and the risk factors associated with subsequent recidivism. The findings suggest that, while many of today’s risk factors were present historically, there have been notable shifts across time.     

科学客观性的历史建构--科学哲学视域中的历史认识论

在尼采的视角主义和福柯的主体解释学等欧陆哲学的影响下,历史认识论结合观念史、思想史和文化史的历史语境,考察了科学客观性的概念的历史建构过程,加深了人们对科学实践的复杂性的认识,并为科学哲学在新世纪的发展提供了诸多有价值的启示。     

“女性发展与性别平等--中德比较研究”研讨会综述

对“女性发展和性别平等”理论与实践进行中德之间的比较研究,既能增进彼此了解,又可促进相互学习。回顾历史,中德两国妇女运动的产生有着各自的时代背景以及不同的发展路径。当代女性形象未能摆脱刻板僵化的性别角色模式,并常常受到媒体和商业化误导的影响。在女性就业方面,德方专家强调了“贯穿整个生命周期的性别平等”理念,中方专家则提出了提高女性就业质量、女性平等获取资源、为家庭工作平衡提供政策支持等建议。全球女性主义起源于上世纪80年代,旨在拓宽女性主义思想的范围;而社会性别主流化作为联合国促进性别平等的全球战略,20多年来在中国取得了诸多方面的成就,同时也面临着挑战。     

宋慈《洗冤集录》产生的历史文化条件——纪念宋慈诞辰830周年

本文从历史、文化、地理、法律、个人等角度出发讨论宋慈及《洗冤集录》产生的条件。我国法医检验早期发展是宋慈及《洗冤集录》产生的历史条件,朱熹理学影响是宋慈及《洗冤集录》产生的文化条件,南宋建阳政治文化发展是宋慈及《洗冤集录》产生的地理条件,完善的南宋检验制度是宋慈及《洗冤集录》产生的法律条件,宋慈在《洗冤集录》中把个别的具体事例进行全体性、系统性综合是个人努力和总结的结果。因此,南宋时期出现宋慈及其《洗冤集录》是中华文化的一部分,是历史必然和文化传承至一定阶段的产物,更是中华文化结晶和法医文化遗产。     

Women’s age at last childbearing and its determinants: a case study of Antwerp (Flanders,Belgium) on the basis of the multi-source COR* historical sample

Declines in the age at last childbearing in the first demographic transition reflected conscious changes in fertility behaviour during that period, in particular efforts to limit the total number of children. Such fertility limitation behaviour was the net result of ‘cultural causal factors’ on the one hand and ‘structural and economic causal factors’ on the other hand. This paper analyses the evolution of women’s age at last childbearing by reconstructing women’s life histories based on data from the multi-source COR* historical sample for Antwerp in the period 1846–1920. The paper also assesses the causes of this evolution through a number of theoretically grounded structural/economic, cultural and life course determinants, placing these concepts in a macro-micro framework of methodological individualism. For this purpose, in the first place a Kaplan-Meier analysis is applied to 10-year birth cohorts; a proportional hazard model is also applied to three different birth cohorts (mothers born before 1840; born in the period 1840–1859; and born after 1860); and a range of cultural and life course determinants are analysed, including women’s literacy status, marriage witness characteristics, the seasonality of marriages and births, and birth histories. The analysis confirms the decline in the age at last childbearing especially in the late cohort, and also highlights inter-cohort differences caused by cultural and life course determinants.     

Marital fertility during the Korean demographic transition: child survival and birth spacing

In this paper, we examine marital fertility patterns during the demographic transition in Korea. The demographic transition was a fundamental transformation in human societies, and has been a key topic in demographic research. However, our understanding of the demographic transition in Korea is limited, largely due to a lack of adequate data. By using individual longitudinal data drawn from the population registers in a rural Korean village between 1920 and 1977, we attempt to contribute to this literature. We first discuss conceptual and data issues, and the historical context. We then test a key exposition of demographic transition theory: an improvement in child survival was a prerequisite for fertility decline. We find that: (1) an improvement in child survival was crucial for marital fertility changes across birth cohorts; (2) the relationship between child survival and marital fertility remained stable; (3) parity-specific fertility control emerged early and birth spacing became important later as ways of limiting marital fertility; and (4) the sex of the deceased offspring became important for marital fertility. The implications of these findings for the Korean demographic transition and future study topics are discussed.     

新闻内容的历史构成及其特征分析

不同历史时代、历史时期、历史阶段的社会变化内容和形式,总会清晰地或者模糊地留存在新闻的记忆当中。历史的轨迹就是新闻的轨迹。新闻图景与时代主体具有一致性,与一定的社会制度具有相适性,与一定社会拥有的新词媒介的数量、质量是高度相关的,与新闻媒介生态是直接相关的。     

陕甘宁边区的农村文艺建设及其历史启示

延安时期,陕甘宁边区政府高度重视农村文艺工作。边区农村文艺的繁荣,主要借助于专业艺术团体的文化下乡和发动农民自办群众性的文艺活动两种途径而展开。边区农村文艺建设的成功实践,为我们当前进行社会主义新农村文化建设提供了重要启示。     

Towards state activism： Long live public administration

The last two decades of human civilization has witnessed fast changing in polity, society, economy and almost every sphere of state activities. The era of new economic order and revolution in the information technology sector has compelled the public administration to adopt the new paradigms. However, the new concepts such as NPM, public choice approach and state minimalism are being questioned in the framework of welfare state and emerging needs of the regulatory administration. It has been realized by almost all the modern and democratic nations that the state and its instrumental part （public administration） are not the evils; rather they are inevitable institutions for mankind. Terrorism, cyber crimes, disaster management, economic meltdown, sustainable development, capacity building, international relations, development of heavy and basic infrastructure and protection of human rights etc. are the prime and exclusive functions of the public administration. The 9/11 attack on US and 11/26 attack on India, plus the recent recession with the global warming worries have proved that we have to move towards state activism.     

论人民警察与群众沟通的艺术

人民警察的职业特点决定了其与群众沟通的重要性。沟通是一门艺术,如果人民警察不懂得恰当使用沟通,会给人民警察的工作带来很大麻烦。如果人民警察懂得使用一些与群众沟通的技巧、有意识地改变自己平时的沟通方式。在说、听、问和看等方面有所转变,并学会摆正自己的角色等．会达到与群众更好沟通的效果。